pancakes的部落格

梔子花(Gardenia，Gardenia jasminoides)

茜草科(Rubiaceae)梔子屬(Gardenia)

英文名：Gardenia jasminoides、Gardenia jasminoides Ellis、Fructus gardeniae、Cape jasmine

中文名：梔子花、山黃梔、黃梔子

圖1：梔子花(Gardenia jasminoides)、果實和乾燥熟果#1-2

梔子開白或黃花，香氣馥郁#3，主要分布中國各地，其他像越南、台灣、日本、緬甸或印度等地也常見#4，東方國家早有將果實作為天然食用色素和染料的紀錄，習慣應用在麵類或甜點，賦予黃、藍和紅等色彩#1-2, 5-6。

【生理活性】

梔子果實富含環烯醚萜類(iridoids) #1，例如：京尼平(genipin)、梔子苷(geniposide)和異梔子苷(gardenoside)，攝取進入體內的梔子苷會在消化道藉由β-D-醣苷酵素(β-D-glycosidase)轉換成京尼平#7。有研究描述#8，使用51.3%酒精、70.4℃和28.6分鐘萃取梔子果實，可達到最佳萃取效果，分別獲得10.9%梔子苷和2.497%總多酚含量。果實中還含有屬於類胡蘿蔔素的藏花素(crocin)及其他鍵結衍生物#1，它也是番紅花的主要活性成分，已有大量研究證明藏花素具有多種健康功效。

梔子花有環烯醚萜類、黃酮類、二萜類、三萜類、酚酸類和有機酸酯類等成分#9-14。其精油、石油醚原精和生鮮花朵的主要成分皆含有芳樟醇(linalool，21.49-38.23%)、α-金合歡烯(α-farnesene，17.54-23.35%)、z-3-惕恪酸葉醇酯(z-3-hexenyl tiglate，12.67-16.27%)和反式-β-羅勒烯(trans-β-ocimene，2.61-9.50%)，精油萃取率約0.02 %(體積/生鮮重)#15，其他研究也有類似結果 #16-18。根據152位志願者參與的感官評測#16，脂吸法(enfleurage)使用鯨蠟和棕櫚油萃取的梔子花原精香氣如同剛摘下時花香，予人放鬆和淨化感。

民俗療法

乾燥的梔子熟果是傳統中藥，可瀉火除煩、清熱利濕、涼血散瘀，主治熱病心煩、黃疸尿赤、火毒瘡瘍#19。文獻紀載曾添加於治療發炎、頭痛、水腫、發燒、肝功能異常和高血壓等藥方#4。

抗氧化

梔子果實的酒精和水萃取物，證實能消除多種自由基或超氧化物(superoxide)，是多功能的抗氧化物質，其中水萃取物效果又優於酒萃物。藏花素於濃度20 ppm預防油脂過氧化的能力和常用抗氧化劑BHA(butylated hydroxyanisole)相似。#20

1毫升梔子花精油消除陽離子自由基能力，約等同2.56 mg的水性維他命E；1公克石油醚原精則約為29.71 mg#15。

抗菌

梔子花精油和石油醚原精能抑制金黃色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌，但對傷寒沙門氏菌( Salmonella typhi )、綠膿桿菌皆無效，精油另可抑制大腸桿菌、曲狀桿菌(Campylobacter jejuni)和李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)#15, 21。另篇研究結果表示#13，梔子花二氯乙烷萃取物能抑制白色念珠菌，輕微抑制大腸桿菌、綠膿桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和鬚癬毛癬菌(Trichophyton mentagrophytes)，對枯草桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)和黑黴菌(Aspergillus niger)則無效。

改善糖尿病

第二型糖尿病主要發病機制源於胰島素的分泌異常和抗性，胰島素抗性(insulin-resistant)是指細胞無法對正常分泌的胰島素有足夠反應，導致葡萄糖和油脂異常的代謝，且胰島素抗性是罹患第二型糖尿病的徵兆之一，提早表現5-10年#22-24。

口服200 mg/kg的梔子水萃物60分鐘後可明顯改善大鼠因類固醇誘發的胰島素抗性、胰島素敏感性和血糖值#22，進一步實驗顯示反應機轉可能跟參與胰島素訊息傳遞的兩種蛋白質相關，受體底物1 (insulin receptor substrate-1，IRS-1)和過氧化物酶體增殖物活化受體γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor，PPARγ)兩種蛋白質在口服後活化訊號明顯放大。

每日1次腹腔注射25 mg/kg京尼平於年邁大鼠持續12天#25，能有效改善因老化而導致的全身及肝胰島素抗性，並緩解高胰島素血症、高血脂和脂肪肝，減少肝臟氧化壓力和粒線體失能。

抗憂鬱

越鞠丸是能行氣解鬱的傳統中藥，主要由蒼朮、香附、川芎、神麴、梔子等成分組成。在習得無助(learned helplessness)憂鬱症動物模型#26，經灌胃0.8 g/kg梔子酒萃物的小鼠，於2、6和24小時後，皆能顯著表現抗憂鬱功效，而其他成分的效果並不明顯，證明梔子在越鞠丸的快速抗憂鬱功效可能扮演重要角色，另BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor)蛋白質的表現也顯著增加，近年多項研究表示BDNF表現量和抗憂鬱效果正相關#27，間接支持梔子有緩和憂鬱的潛力。

顧胃

梔子酒精萃取物及其內含成分─熊果酸(ursolic acid)和京尼平，能緩解大鼠因鹽酸/酒精誘發的胃炎，實驗發現這些物質可使酸中和、抗氧化並抑制幽門桿菌(Helicobacter pylori)的生長，且在體外細胞實驗顯示梔子酒萃物和熊果酸也有殺死人類胃癌細胞的能力#28。

保護神經

腹腔注射100 mg/kg梔子苷於因藥物誘發急性帕金森氏症的小鼠持續8天，能有效改善症狀，結果發現小鼠的運動遲緩和平衡問題減少、移動和探索活動增加，而在後續實驗也證實，梔子苷能重建TH-positive多巴胺神經元(tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neuron)，並促進生長因子Bax訊息傳遞、減少凋亡因子Bcl-2表現#29。

舒緩皮膚過敏

因塵蟎誘發皮膚過敏的小鼠，在塗抹梔子乙酸乙酯萃取物後，可減少過敏症狀，並阻止發炎細胞反應、減少血液中IgG和組織胺濃度，同時降低發炎因子和黏附分子(adhesion molecules)表現。再將萃取物做成分分析，發現梔子苷可抑制肥大細胞釋放組織胺，但藏花素無效，因此梔子苷具有開發治療皮膚過敏用藥的潛力。#30

可能風險

24.3 mg/kg劑量以上的梔子苷會使大鼠肝臟承受氧化壓力產生急性肝毒性#31-32。京尼平在枯草菌重組檢定(rec-assay)和姊妹染色體交換(sister chromatid exchange)試驗顯示具有基因毒性，可能損傷DNA#33。

參考文獻：

(1)Xiao W, et al., Chemistry and bioactivity of Gardenia jasminoides, Journal of Food and Drug Analysis (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.005

(2)Thantsin, Khin. "Natural Colorant from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Cape jasmine)." Universities Research Journal: 65.

(3)Gilam EF. Gardenia jasminoides. Dissertation. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida; 1999.

(4)Phatak RS. Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities and intellectual property landscape of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: a review. Pharmacog J 2015; 7: 254–265.

(5)Zhou Y, Zhang J, Tang R, Zhang J. Simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk with three natural yellow dyes. Indus Crops Prod 2015;64:224e32.

(6)Hong IK, Jeon H, Lee SB. Extraction of natural dye from Gardenia and chromaticity analysis according to chi parameter. J Ind Eng Chem 2015;24:326e32.

(7)Muthu K. Shanmugam, Hongyuan Shen, Feng Ru Tang, Frank Arfuso, Mohanraj Rajesh, Lingzhi Wang, Alan Prem Kumar, Jinsong Bian, Boon Cher Goh, Anupam Bishayee, and Gautam Sethi, “Potential role of genipin in cancer therapy,” Pharmacological Research, vol. 133, pp. 195–200, 2018.

(8)Yang B, Liu X, Gao Y. Extraction optimization of bioactive compounds (crocin, geniposide and total phenolic compounds) from Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruits with response surface methodology. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2009;10:610e5.

(9)馮寧, 盧成淑, 南國, 張鵬, 朱彥, 高秀梅, 吳紅華. 梔子花的化學成分研究[J]. 中草藥, 2016, 47(2): 200-203

(10)梁惠玲,鄭惠蘭,陳泗英.黃梔子花中的色素[J]. 雲南植物研究, 1991(1): 95-96 .

(11)宋家玲,楊永建,戚歡陽,等.梔子花化學成分研究[J]. 中藥材, 2013, 36(5): 752-755 .

(12)Song JL, Wang R, Shi YP, et al. Iridoids from the flowers of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and their chemotaxonomic significance [J]. Biochem Syst Ecol, 2014, 56(5): 267-270 .

(13)Ragasa CY, Pimenta LN, Rideout J A. Iridoids from Gardenia jasminoides [J]. Nat Prod Res, 2007, 21(12): 1078-1084 .

(14)Watanabe N, Nakajima R, Watanabe S, et al. Linalyl and bornyl disaccharide glycosides from Gardenia jasminoides flowers [J]. Phytochemistry, 1994, 37(2): 457-459 .

(15)Chaichana J, Niwatananun W, Vejabhikul S, Somna S and Chansakaow S, Volatile constituents and biological activities of Gardenia jasminoides, J Public Health Res, 2009, 23, 141–145.

(16)Kanlayavattanakul, Mayuree, and Nattaya Lourith. "Volatile profile and sensory property of Gardenia jasminoides aroma extracts." Journal of cosmetic science 66.6 (2015): 371-377.

(17)Liu BZ, Gao Y. 2000. Analysis of headspace constituents of Gardenia flower by GC/MS with solid-phase microextraction and dynamic headspace sampling. Se Pu 18(5): 452-5.

(18)Ishikawa M, Honda T, Fujita A, Kurobayashi Y, Kitahara T. 2004. "Aqua-space", a New Headspace Method for Isolation of Natural Floral Aromas Using Humidified Air as a Carrier Gas. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 68(2): 454-7.

(19)謝詠筌(Hsieh， Yung-chuan)　呂康祖(Lu， Kang-tsu)　溫彩玉(Wen， Tsai-yu)　劉宜祝(Liu， Yi-chu)　羅吉方(Lo， Chi-fang)（20111100）。[市售梔子類藥材之鑑別]。《數位典藏與數位學習聯合目錄》。http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/5f/72/46.html（2018/12/13瀏覽）。

(20)Pham TQ, Cormier F, Farnworth E, Tong VH, Van Calsteren MR. Antioxidant properties of crocin from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and study of the reactions of crocin with linoleic acid and crocin with oxygen. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:1455e61.

(21)Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE. 2002. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacteer jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot 65(10): 1545-60.

(22)Chen YI, Cheng YW, Tzeng CY, Lee YC, Chang YN, Lee SC, Tsai CC, Chen JC, Cheng Tzen JZ, Chang SL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activating hypoglycemic effect of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis aqueous extract and improvement of insulin sensitivity in steroid induced insulin resistant rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:30.

(23)Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, Wynshaw-Boris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M: IKK-beta links inflammation to obesityinduced insulin resistance. Nat Med 2005, 11(2):191–198.

(24)Kovacs P, Stumvoll M: Fatty acids and insulin resistance in muscle and liver. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 19(4):625–635.

(25)Guan L, Feng H, Gong D, Zhao X, Cai L, Wu Q, Yuan B, Yang Y, Zhao J, Zou Y. Genipin ameliorates age-related insulin resistance through inhibiting hepatic oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Exp Gerontol 2013;48:1387e94.

(26)Zhang H, Xue W, Wu R, Gong T, Tao W, Zhou X, Jiang J, Zhang J, Zhang N, Cui Y, Chen C, Chen G. Rapid antidepressant activity of ethanol extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is associated with upregulation of BDNF expression in the hippocampus. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2015:1e8.

(27)Yu H, Chen ZY. The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32(1): 3-11.

(28)Lee JH, Lee DU, Jeong CS. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis ethanol extract and its constituents reduce the risks of gastritis and reverse gastric lesions in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:1127e31.

(29)Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li L, H€olscher C. Neuroprotective effects of geniposide in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015;768:21e7.

(30)Sung YY, Lee AY, Kim HK. The Gardenia jasminoides extract and its constituent, geniposide, elicit anti-allergic effects on atopic dermatitis by inhibiting histamine in vitro and in vivo. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 156: 33-40.

(31)Yang HJ, Fu MH, Wu ZL, Liang RX, Huang LQ, Fang J, et al. Experimental studies on hepatotoxicity of rats induced by Fructus gardeniae. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2006; 31(13): 1091-3.

(32)Ding Y, Zhang T, Tao JS, Zhang LY, Shi JR, Ji G. Potential hepatotoxicity of geniposide, the major iridoid glycoside in dried ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides (Zhi-zi). Nat Prod Res. 2013; 27(10): 929-33.

(33)Ozaki A, Kitano M, Furusawa N, Yamaguchi H, Kuroda K, Endo G. Genotoxicity of Gardenia yellow and its components. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002; 40(11): 1603-10.