A guide to Scottish heather

Scottish heather, a type of flowering plant found in Scotland's moors and hills, has been an important cultural and ecological symbol in Scotland for centuries. Heather belongs to the Ericaceae family and is characterised by small, bell-shaped flowers that bloom in late summer and early autumn. The plant's colours range from pale pink to purple, depending on the species and the environmental conditions.

But Scottish heather is much more than just a pretty flower. It has played a significant role in Scotland's history, folklore, and identity. For instance, heather has been used for centuries as a building material for thatching roofs, fuel for fires, and a traditional remedy for various ailments. Moreover, heather has been associated with Scottish clans and families, symbolising loyalty, bravery, and protection.

In recent years, Scottish heather has also become a vital component of Scotland's ecology, providing essential habitats for many plant and animal species, from insects to birds of prey. However, despite its ecological and cultural importance, Scottish heather faces several threats, including climate change, overgrazing, and invasive species.

In this article, we will explore the various aspects of Scottish heather, from its physical characteristics to its cultural and ecological significance, as well as the challenges and opportunities for its conservation and restoration.

What is Scottish heather?

Scottish heather is a type of heather that is found in Scotland's moors and hills. It is scientifically known as Calluna vulgaris and commonly referred to as ling or common heather. Scottish heather is a low-growing evergreen shrub that typically reaches heights of up to 60 centimetres (24 inches) and spreads outwards to form dense mats of foliage.

The leaves of Scottish heather are small, narrow, and scale-like, arranged in opposite pairs along the woody stems. The flowers, which appear from July to September, are small and bell-shaped, ranging in colour from pale pink to deep purple. The flowers grow in terminal clusters at the tips of the branches, and their nectar is an important food source for many insects, particularly bees and butterflies.

Other species of heather in Scotland

In addition to the common heather, other species of heather grow in Scotland, including:

• Bell heather (Erica cinerea).

• Cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix).

Each species has its unique characteristics, such as flower colour, size, and shape, and they are often found growing together in heathland habitats.

Despite its delicate appearance, Scottish heather is a hardy plant well-suited to Scotland's harsh and unpredictable climate. Its deep root system enables it to survive in poor, acidic soils and tolerate drought and frost. Its ability to regenerate quickly after fires and grazing make it an important component of Scotland's landscape and ecology.

 

Where does the word heather come from?

The word Heather is derived from the Scots word "haeddre", which is used to describe heathland or "heather place".

Ling is another old name for heather, taken from the old Norse word "Lyng".

Uses of Scottish heather

Scottish heather has been used for various purposes throughout Scottish history, ranging from practical to symbolic.

Roof thatching and building materials

One of the most important uses of heather has been as a building material for thatching roofs. Heather thatch was a common roofing material in rural areas of Scotland, particularly in the Highlands, where wood was scarce. The thatch was made by tying bundles of heather onto a wooden frame, creating a durable and waterproof covering lasting up to 20 years.

Mattresses/Bedding

Heather has been used as bedding for thousands of years in Scotland, with the earliest example found in the 4000-year-old village of Skara Brae in Orkney.

Beds made from heather were considered just as comfortable as feather beds due to the dried stalks and flowers giving a similar bouncy light feel, and had the added benefit of smelling lovely. The flowers in a heather bed were normally placed further up to the head side to give an extra aromatherapeutic benefit.

Fuel for fires

Heather has historically been used as fuel for fires. Its woody stems and twigs burn slowly, producing a fragrant smoke that could be used to flavour meat and fish.

Traditional medicine

Traditional medicine also used Heather to treat various ailments, including coughs, colds, and rheumatism. It was often brewed into tea or used in poultices to relieve pain and inflammation by "Druids", an ancient order of Celtic priests.

Treated as a sort of cure-all heather based medicines were used for:

• Anxiety

• Arthritis

• Coughs

• Blindness

• Digestive problems

• Tuberculosis

These medicines would be available as salves, ointments and potions.

Heather Ale

Heather ale is a traditional Scottish beer made using heather flowers as a key ingredient. The ale is known for its distinctive flavour and aroma, which is said to be reminiscent of honey, wildflowers, and spices.

One of the most famous types of heather ale is Fraoch, which is produced by the Scottish brewery, Williams Bros. Brewing Co. Fraoch is made using a blend of malted barley, wheat, and heather flowers, which are added to the beer during the brewing process. The resulting ale is a rich golden colour with a light, floral aroma and a sweet, honey-like flavour.

Colourings/dyes

The many beautiful colours of Scottish heather could be used in the dying of rough spun wool and cloth and had a vital role in producing the colours within many tartans.

Colours derived from heather were:

• Purple

• Green

• Grey

• Bronze

• Gold

• Muted Yellow

How much more Scottish can you get? Tartan made from Scottish heather!

Modern uses of Scottish heather

The fragrance of Scottish heather is often used in perfumes, soaps, and other beauty products, as well as in traditional remedies and herbal medicine.

Scottish Weddings

Small potted heathers are often used as table decorations at Scottish weddings, and a sprig of heather can also be used as an accessory for both men and women.

White heather is considered lucky in Scotland, a tradition first started by Queen Victoria. Springs of white heather are often woven into bridal bouquets.

Heather honey

Heather honey is a type of honey that is produced by bees that collect nectar from the flowers of heather plants. It is a unique and highly sought-after honey due to its distinct flavour, aroma, and potential health benefits (antioxidants and antimicrobial properties).

Heather honey is dark amber with a rich, smoky flavour that is slightly bitter and astringent. It also has a strong aroma, with hints of heather flowers, wood smoke, and caramel.

Jewellery

Heathergems are a popular new development in Scotland. Stems from heather plants are harvested, coloured and compressed into "gemstones" and set into various Scottish-themed items. My wife purchased a thistle for me with a Heathergem for my 40th birthday.

Ecology of Scottish heather

Heather grows in acidic and nutrient-poor soils and is adapted to Scotland's harsh climatic conditions, including strong winds, cold temperatures, and high rainfall. Heather has a long lifespan, with some plants living over 30 years. It is an essential component of heathland and moorland habitats, providing food and shelter for a range of species, including insects, birds, and mammals.

Heather conservation

Scottish heather is listed as a priority habitat for conservation in the UK due to its habitat loss, degradation, and climate change threats. Conservation efforts for heather include restoring degraded habitats, managing heathland and moorland areas, and controlling the spread of invasive species.

Overgrazing of heather

One of the significant threats to Scottish heather is overgrazing by livestock, mainly sheep and deer. Overgrazing can damage heather by trampling and uprooting plants, as well as reducing the availability of nutrients in the soil. To address this threat, land managers may use various techniques to manage grazing levels, such as rotational grazing or culling of deer.

Invasive plant species

Invasive species, such as rhododendron and bracken, can also threaten heather by out-competing it for resources and altering the soil composition. Land managers may use chemical treatments or manual removal methods to control the spread of invasive species.

Climate change

Climate change is a major threat to Scottish heather, as it may alter the timing of flowering and seed production and increase the risk of wildfires. To address this threat, conservation efforts may include planting heather in areas where it is not currently found and monitoring changes in flowering and seed production patterns.

Overall, Scottish heather is an important species for the ecology and culture of Scotland, and conservation efforts must be continued to ensure its long-term survival.

FAQs on heather in Scotland

Here are a few frequently asked questions about heather in Scotland:

Where can I see heather in Scotland?

Heather can be found all over the Scottish Highlands, but here are some places where you are guaranteed to see heather in the wild:

• Cairngorms National Park: This national park in the Scottish Highlands is home to extensive moorland and heathland habitats, where heather is a common sight. Some popular areas to see heather include Glenmore Forest Park and the high-altitude plateau of Cairn Gorm mountain.

• Isle of Skye: The Isle of Skye, off the west coast of Scotland, is known for its rugged coastline and dramatic landscapes. Heather is a common plant on the island, particularly in the moorland areas around the Cuillin mountains.

• Trossachs National Park: Located in central Scotland, the Trossachs National Park is a popular destination for outdoor activities and nature watching. Heather can be seen in many parts of the park, particularly upland areas.

• Rannoch Moor: This wild and remote area in the Scottish Highlands is home to vast expanses of heather moorland and numerous lochs and mountains. It is a popular spot for hiking and wildlife watching.

• Glen Affric: This scenic glen in the Scottish Highlands is known for its stunning natural beauty, including extensive areas of heather moorland. It is a popular destination for hiking and wildlife watching, with the chance to see red deer, golden eagles, and other species.

• Pentland Hills: Not far from Edinburgh, the Pentland Hills are known for their violet heather flowers.

When does Heather bloom in Scotland?

Heather blooms twice a year, once in early summer and then again in late summer/early autumn. August will give you the best display of colours.

What does Scottish heather smell like?

Scottish heather has a distinct and pleasant aroma, often described as being sweet and floral, with hints of honey, lavender, and a subtle smoky undertone. The smell is most intense when the heather is in bloom, typically in late summer or early autumn.

The scent of heather is also closely associated with the Scottish countryside and is often considered an enduring symbol of Scotland's natural beauty and heritage.

Are heather plants perennial?

Yes, heather plants in Scotland can last 20-30 years and are considered to have a hardiness level of H7, the highest number on the Royal Horticultural Society's hardiness scale (H1-H7). Gardeners prize them as they are easy to look after and offer year-round colour. A great place to buy heather is the Speyside Centre just north of Aviemore on the A95.

Key information on Scottish heather

• Heather can be found all over Scotland.

• The most common heather plant is Calluna vulgaris which can live 30 years.

• Historically heather has been used in Scotland for medicines and as a building material.

• Heather was once used as mattress stuffing.

• Honey and ale can be made from heather.

• Colourings derived from heather can be used to make dyes and were commonly used to make the colours of tartans.

• Today heather can be used in perfumes, soaps, and scrubs.

• There is concern over heather conservation in some areas of Scotland.

Conclusion

Scottish heather is an iconic and important part of Scotland's cultural heritage and natural ecology. While it faces several threats, it is possible to conserve and restore heather populations through a range of management and conservation strategies.

By working together, we can ensure that Scottish heather continues to symbolise Scotland's beauty, resilience, and cultural richness for generations to come.