US20140202476A1 - Heating smokeable material - Google Patents
Heating smokeable material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20140202476A1 US20140202476A1 US14/127,144 US201214127144A US2014202476A1 US 20140202476 A1 US20140202476 A1 US 20140202476A1 US 201214127144 A US201214127144 A US 201214127144A US 2014202476 A1 US2014202476 A1 US 2014202476A1
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- heater
- smokeable material
- heating
- heat
- smokeable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
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Classifications
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- A24F47/008—
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F40/00—Electrically operated smoking devices; Component parts thereof; Manufacture thereof; Maintenance or testing thereof; Charging means specially adapted therefor
- A24F40/40—Constructional details, e.g. connection of cartridges and battery parts
- A24F40/46—Shape or structure of electric heating means
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F40/00—Electrically operated smoking devices; Component parts thereof; Manufacture thereof; Maintenance or testing thereof; Charging means specially adapted therefor
- A24F40/50—Control or monitoring
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/06—Arrangements using an air layer or vacuum
- F16L59/065—Arrangements using an air layer or vacuum using vacuum
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
- H05B1/0288—Applications for non specified applications
- H05B1/0291—Tubular elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/44—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F40/00—Electrically operated smoking devices; Component parts thereof; Manufacture thereof; Maintenance or testing thereof; Charging means specially adapted therefor
- A24F40/20—Devices using solid inhalable precursors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F40/00—Electrically operated smoking devices; Component parts thereof; Manufacture thereof; Maintenance or testing thereof; Charging means specially adapted therefor
- A24F40/50—Control or monitoring
- A24F40/57—Temperature control
Definitions
- the invention relates to heating smokeable material.
- Smoking articles such as cigarettes and cigars burn tobacco during use to create tobacco smoke. Attempts have been made to provide alternatives to these smoking articles by creating products which release compounds without creating tobacco smoke. Examples of such products are so-called heat-not-burn products which release compounds by heating, but not burning, tobacco.
- an apparatus comprising a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater.
- a length of each heating region may be less than a length of the heater.
- Each heating region may comprise a longitudinal heating element having a length which is less than a length of the heater.
- the heating regions may be arranged in end-to-end relationship along the longitudinal axis of the heater.
- the heater may comprise a longitudinal surface which extends over the plurality of heating regions.
- the heater may be configured to heat smokeable material located around an outside of the longitudinal surface of the heater.
- Each heating region may comprise a disk-shaped section of heater.
- the heater may be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material may be located co-axially outwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater.
- the smokeable material may comprise a substantially tubular body of smokeable material.
- the heater may be configured to heat smokeable material located inside a longitudinal surface of the heater.
- Each heating region may comprise a ring-shaped section of heater.
- the heater may be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material may be located co-axially inwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater.
- the heater may comprise an embossed exterior surface configured to heat smokeable material.
- the heater may be substantially cylindrical in shape.
- Each heating region may comprise a substantially cylindrical section of the heater.
- the heater may be configured to heat the smokeable material to a temperature in a range of approximately 100° C. to 250° C., such as temperature in a range of approximately 150° C. to approximately 250° C.
- Each heating region may be arranged to heat a different section of the smokeable material.
- the apparatus may comprise a controller configured to activate the heating regions sequentially over a period of time.
- the controller may be configured to activate each heating region in response to a puff.
- the heater may be a substantially ceramics heater responsive to electrical energy to emit thermal energy.
- the apparatus may be configured to heat the smokeable material without combusting the smokeable material.
- a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater.
- an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, comprising an infra-red heater.
- the infra-red heater may comprise a halogen infra-red heater.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material to release aromatic compounds and/or nicotine from the smokeable material;
- FIG. 2 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate ceramic heater divided into radial heating sections;
- FIG. 3 is an exploded, partially cut-away view of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate ceramic heater divided into radial heating sections;
- FIG. 4 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate infra-red heater;
- FIG. 5 is an exploded, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate infra-red heater;
- FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around a plurality of longitudinal, elongate heating sections spaced around a central longitudinal axis;
- FIG. 7 is a perspective illustration of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the regions of smokeable material are provided between pairs of upstanding heating plates;
- FIG. 8 is a perspective illustration of the apparatus shown in FIG. 7 , in which an external housing is additionally illustrated;
- FIG. 9 is an exploded view of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the regions of smokeable material are provided between pairs of upstanding heating plates;
- FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a method of activating heating regions and opening and closing heating chamber valves during puffing
- FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a gaseous flow through an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material
- FIG. 12 is a graphical illustration of a heating pattern which can be used to heat smokeable material using a heater
- FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a smokeable material compressor configured to compress smokeable material during heating
- FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a smokeable material expander configured to expand smokeable material during puffing
- FIG. 15 is a flow diagram showing a method of compressing smokeable material during heating and expanding the smokeable material for puffing
- FIG. 16 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a section of vacuum insulation configured to insulate heated smokeable material from heat loss;
- FIG. 17 is another schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a section of vacuum insulation configured to insulate heated smokeable material from heat loss;
- FIG. 18 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a heat resistive thermal bridge which follows an indirect path from a higher temperature insulation wall to a lower temperature insulation wall;
- FIG. 19 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a heat shield and a heat-transparent window which are moveable relative to a body of smokeable material to selectively allow thermal energy to be transmitted to different sections of the smokeable material through the window;
- FIG. 20 is schematic, cross sectional illustration of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which a heating chamber is hermetically sealable by check valves.
- the term ‘smokeable material’ includes any material that provides volatilized components upon heating and includes any tobacco-containing material and may, for example, include one or more of tobacco, tobacco derivatives, expanded tobacco, reconstituted tobacco or tobacco substitutes.
- An apparatus 1 for heating smokeable material comprises an energy source 2 , a heater 3 and a heating chamber 4 .
- the energy source 2 may comprise a battery such as a Li-ion battery, Ni battery, Alkaline battery and/or the like, and is electrically coupled to the heater 3 to supply electrical energy to the heater 3 when required.
- the heating chamber 4 is configured to receive smokeable material 5 so that the smokeable material 5 can be heated in the heating chamber 4 .
- the heating chamber 4 may be located adjacent to the heater 3 so that thermal energy from the heater 3 heats the smokeable material 5 therein to volatilize aromatic compounds and nicotine in the smokeable material 5 without burning the smokeable material 5 .
- a mouthpiece 6 is provided through which a user of the apparatus 1 can inhale the volatilized compounds during use of the apparatus 1 .
- the smokeable material 5 may comprise a tobacco blend.
- the heater 3 may comprise a substantially cylindrical, elongate heater 3 and the heating chamber 4 is located around a circumferential, longitudinal surface of the heater 3 .
- the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 therefore comprise co-axial layers around the heater 3 .
- other shapes and configurations of the heater 3 and heating chamber 4 can alternatively be used.
- a housing 7 may contain components of the apparatus 1 such as the energy source 2 and heater 3 .
- the housing 7 may comprise an approximately cylindrical tube with the energy source 2 located towards its first end 8 and the heater 3 and heating chamber 4 located towards its opposite, second end 9 .
- the energy source 2 and heater 3 extend along the longitudinal axis of the housing 7 .
- the energy source 2 and heater 3 can be aligned along the central longitudinal axis of the housing 7 in an end-to-end arrangement so that an end face of the energy source 2 faces an end face of the heater 3 .
- the length of the housing 7 may be approximately 130 mm, the length of energy source may be approximately 59 mm, and the length of the heater 3 and heating region 4 may be approximately 50 mm.
- the diameter of the housing 7 may be between approximately 15 mm and approximately 18 mm.
- the diameter of the housing's first end 8 may be 18 mm whilst the diameter of the mouthpiece 6 at the housing's second end 9 may be 15 mm.
- the diameter of the heater 3 may be between approximately 2.0 mm and approximately 6.0 mm.
- the diameter of the heater 3 may, for example, be between approximately 4.0 mm and approximately 4.5 mm or between approximately 2.0 mm and approximately 3.0 mm. Heater diameters outside these ranges may alternatively be used.
- the depth of the heating chamber 4 may be approximately 5 mm and the heating chamber 4 may have an exterior diameter of approximately 10 mm at its outwardly-facing surface.
- the diameter of the energy source 2 may be between approximately 14.0 mm and approximately 15.0 mm, such as 14.6 mm.
- Heat insulation may be provided between the energy source 2 and the heater 3 to prevent direct transfer of heat from one to the other.
- the mouthpiece 6 can be located at the second end 9 of the housing 7 , adjacent the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 .
- the housing 7 is suitable for being gripped by a user during use of the apparatus 1 so that the user can inhale volatilized smokeable material compounds from the mouthpiece 6 of the apparatus 1 .
- the heater 3 may comprise a ceramics heater 3 .
- the ceramics heater 3 may, for example, comprise base ceramics of alumina and/or silicon nitride which are laminated and sintered.
- the heater 3 may comprise an infra-red (IR) heater 3 such as a halogen-IR lamp 3 .
- IR infra-red
- the IR heater 3 may have a low mass and therefore its use can help to reduce the overall mass of the apparatus 1 .
- the mass of the IR heater may be 20% to 30% less than the mass of a ceramics heater 3 having an equivalent heating power output.
- the IR heater 3 also has low thermal inertia and therefore is able to heat the smokeable material 5 very rapidly in response to an activation stimulus.
- the IR heater 3 may be configured to emit IR electromagnetic radiation of between approximately 700 nm and 4.5 ⁇ m in wavelength.
- the heater 3 may be located in a central region of the housing 7 and the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 may be located around the longitudinal surface of the heater 3 .
- thermal energy emitted by the heater 3 travels in a radial direction outwards from the longitudinal surface of the heater 3 into the heating chamber 4 and the smokeable material 5 .
- the heater 3 may optionally comprise a plurality of individual heating regions 10 .
- the heating regions 10 may be operable independently of one another so that different regions 10 can be activated at different times to heat the smokeable material 5 .
- the heating regions 10 may be arranged in the heater 3 in any geometric arrangement. However, in the examples shown in the figures, the heating regions 10 are geometrically arranged in the heater 3 so that different ones of the heating regions 10 are arranged to predominately and independently heat different regions of the smokeable material 5 .
- the heater 3 may comprise a plurality of axially aligned heating regions 10 .
- the regions 10 may each comprise an individual element of the heater 3 .
- the heating regions 10 may, for example, all be aligned with each other along a longitudinal axis of the heater 3 , thus providing a plurality of independent heating zones along the length of the heater 3 .
- Each heating region 10 may comprise a heating cylinder 10 having a finite length which is significantly less than the length of the heater 3 as a whole.
- the arrangement and features of the cylinders 10 are discussed below in terms of heating disks, where each disk has a depth which is equivalent to cylinder length.
- the heating disks 10 are arranged with their radial surfaces facing one another along the length of the heater 3 .
- each disk 10 may touch the radial surfaces of its neighbouring disks 10 .
- a heat insulating or heat reflecting layer may be present between the radial surfaces of the disks 10 so that thermal energy emitted from each one of the disks 10 does not substantially heat the neighbouring disks 10 and instead travels predominately outwards from the circumferential surface of the disk 10 into the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 .
- Each disk 10 may have substantially the same dimensions as the other disks 10 .
- the heated region of smokeable material 5 may comprise a ring of smokeable material 5 located around the heating disk 10 which has been activated.
- the smokeable material 5 can therefore be heated in independent sections, for example rings, where each section corresponds to smokeable material 5 located directly around a particular one of the heating regions 10 and has a mass and volume which is significantly less than the body of smokeable material 5 as a whole.
- the heater 3 may comprise a plurality of elongate, longitudinally extending heating regions 10 positioned at different locations around the central longitudinal axis of the heater 3 .
- the longitudinally extending heating regions 10 may be of substantially the same length so that each extends along substantially the whole length of the heater 3 .
- Each heating region 10 may comprise, for example, an individual IR heating element 10 such as an IR heating filament 10 .
- a body of heat insulation or heat reflective material may be provided along the central longitudinal axis of the heater 3 so that thermal energy emitted by each heating region 10 travels predominately outwards from the heater 3 into the heating chamber 4 and thus heats the smokeable material 5 .
- the distance between the central longitudinal axis of the heater 3 and each of the heating regions 10 may be substantially equal.
- the heating regions 10 may optionally be contained in a substantially infra-red and/or heat transparent tube, or other housing, which forms a longitudinal surface of the heater 3 .
- the heating regions 10 may be fixed in position relative to the other heating regions 10 inside the tube.
- the heated section of smokeable material 5 may comprise a longitudinal section of smokeable material 5 which lies parallel and directly adjacent to the longitudinal heating region 10 . Therefore, as with the previous example, the smokeable material 5 can be heated in independent sections.
- the heating regions 10 can each be individually and selectively activated.
- the smokeable material 5 may be comprised in a cartridge 11 which can be inserted into the heating chamber 4 .
- the cartridge 11 can comprise a smokeable material tube 11 which can be inserted around the heater 3 so that the internal surface of the smokeable material tube 11 faces the longitudinal surface of the heater 3 .
- the smokeable material tube 11 may be hollow.
- the diameter of the hollow centre of the tube 11 may be substantially equal to, or slightly larger than, the diameter of the heater 3 so that the tube 11 is a close fit around the heater 3 .
- the length of the cartridge 11 may be approximately equal to the length of the heater 3 so that the heater 3 can heat the cartridge 11 along its whole length.
- the housing 7 of the apparatus 1 may comprise an opening through which the cartridge 11 can be inserted into the heating chamber 4 .
- the opening may, for example, comprise a ring-shaped opening located at the housing's second end 9 so that the cartridge 11 can be slid into the opening and pushed directly into the heating chamber 4 .
- the opening is preferably closed during use of the apparatus 1 to heat the smokeable material 5 .
- a section of the housing 7 at the second end 9 is removable from the apparatus 1 so that the smokeable material 5 can be inserted into the heating chamber 4 . An example of this is shown in FIG. 9 .
- the apparatus 1 may optionally be equipped with a user-operable smokeable material ejection unit, such as an internal mechanism configured to slide used smokeable material 5 off and/or away from the heater 3 .
- a user-operable smokeable material ejection unit such as an internal mechanism configured to slide used smokeable material 5 off and/or away from the heater 3 .
- the used smokeable material 5 may, for example, be pushed back through the opening in the housing 7 .
- a new cartridge 11 can then be inserted as required.
- the heater 3 comprises a spirally shaped heater 3 .
- the spirally shaped heater 3 may be configured to screw into the smokeable material cartridge 11 and may comprise adjacent, axially-aligned heating regions 10 so as to operate in substantially the same manner as described the linear, elongate heater 3 described above.
- the heater 3 comprises a substantially elongate tube, which may be cylindrical, and the heating chamber 4 is located inside the tube 3 rather than around the heater's outside.
- the heater 3 may comprise a plurality of axially-aligned heating sections, which may each comprise a heating ring configured to heat smokeable material 5 located radially inwardly from the ring.
- the heater 3 is configured to independently heat separate sections of smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 in a manner similar to the heater 3 described above in relation to FIG. 2 .
- the heat is applied radially inwardly to the smokeable material 5 , rather than radially outwardly as previously described.
- the heater 3 can comprise a plurality of heating regions 10 which extend directly into an elongate heating chamber 4 which is divided into sections by the heating regions 10 .
- the heating regions 10 extend directly into an elongate smokeable material cartridge 11 or other substantially solid body of smokeable material 5 .
- the smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 is thereby divided into discrete sections separated from each other by the spaced-apart heating regions 10 .
- the heater 3 , heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 may extend together along a central, longitudinal axis of the housing 7 . As shown in FIGS.
- the heating regions 10 may each comprise a projection 10 , such as an upstanding heating plate 10 , which extends into the body of smokeable material 5 .
- the projections 10 are discussed below in the context of heating plates 10 .
- the principal plane of the heating plates 10 may be substantially perpendicular to the principal longitudinal axis of the body of smokeable material 5 and heating chamber 4 and/or housing 7 .
- the heating plates 10 may be parallel to one another, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 9 .
- Each section of smokeable material 5 is bounded by a main heating surface of a pair of heating plates 10 located either side of the smokeable material section, so that activation of one or both of the heating plates 10 will cause thermal energy to be transferred directly into the smokeable material 5 .
- each heating plate 10 may comprise a thermally reflective layer which divides the plate 10 into two halves along its principal plane.
- Each half of the plate 10 can thus constitute a separate heating region 10 and may be independently activated to heat only the section of smokeable material 5 which lies directly against that half of the plate 10 , rather than the smokeable material 5 on both sides of the plate 10 .
- Adjacent plates 10 or facing portions thereof, may be activated to heat a section of smokeable material 5 , which is located between the adjacent plates, from substantially opposite sides of the section of smokeable material 5 .
- the elongate smokeable material cartridge or body 11 can be installed between, and removed from, the heating chamber 4 and heating plates 10 by removing a section of the housing 7 at the housing's second end 9 , as previously described.
- the heating regions 10 can be individually and selectively activated to heat different sections of the smokeable material 5 as required.
- the heated section of smokeable material 5 may comprise a radial section of smokeable material 5 located between the heating regions 10 , as shown in FIGS. 7 to 9 .
- the apparatus 1 may comprise a controller 12 , such as a microcontroller 12 , which is configured to control operation of the apparatus 1 .
- the controller 12 is electronically connected to the other components of the apparatus 1 such as the energy source 2 and heater 3 so that it can control their operation by sending and receiving signals.
- the controller 12 is, in particular, configured to control activation of the heater 3 to heat the smokeable material 5 .
- the controller 12 may be configured to activate the heater 3 , which may comprise selectively activating one or more heating regions 10 , in response to a user drawing on the mouthpiece 6 of the apparatus 1 .
- the controller 12 may be in communication with a puff sensor 13 via a suitable communicative coupling.
- the puff sensor 13 is configured to detect when a puff occurs at the mouthpiece 6 and, in response, is configured to send a signal to the controller 12 indicative of the puff.
- An electronic signal may be used.
- the controller 12 may respond to the signal from the puff sensor 13 by activating the heater 3 and thereby heating the smokeable material 5 .
- the use of a puff sensor 13 to activate the heater 3 is not, however, essential and other means for providing a stimulus to activate the heater 3 can alternatively be used.
- the volatilized compounds released during heating can then be inhaled by the user through the mouthpiece 6 .
- the controller 12 can be located at any suitable position within the housing 7 . An example position is between the energy source 2 and the heater 3 /heating chamber 4 , as illustrated in FIG. 3 .
- the controller 12 may be configured to activate the heating regions 10 in a predetermined order or pattern.
- the controller 12 may be configured to activate the heating regions 10 sequentially along or around the heating chamber 4 .
- Each activation of a heating region 10 may be in response to detection of a puff by the puff sensor 13 or may be triggered in an alternative way, as described further below.
- an example heating method may comprise a first step S 1 in which a first puff is detected followed by a second step S 2 in which a first section of smokeable material 5 is heated in response to the first puff.
- a third step S 3 hermetically sealable inlet and outlet valves 24 may be opened to allow air to be drawn through the heating chamber 4 and out of the apparatus 1 through the mouthpiece 6 .
- the valves 24 are closed. These valves 24 are described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 20 .
- a second section of smokeable material 5 may be heated in response to a second puff, with a corresponding opening and closing of the heating chamber inlet and outlet valves 24 .
- a third section of the smokeable material 5 may be heated in response to a third puff with a corresponding opening and closing of the heating chamber inlet and outlet valves 24 , and so on.
- Means other than a puff sensor 13 could alternatively be used. For example, a user of the apparatus 1 may actuate a control switch to indicate that he/she is taking a new puff.
- a fresh section of smokeable material 5 may be heated to volatilize nicotine and aromatic compounds for each new puff.
- the number of heating regions 10 and/or independently heatable sections of smokeable material 5 may correspond to the number of puffs for which the cartridge 11 is intended to be used.
- each independently heatable smokeable material section 5 may be heated by its corresponding heating region(s) 10 for a plurality of puffs such as two, three or four puffs, so that a fresh section of smokeable material 5 is heated only after a plurality of puffs have been taken whilst heating the previous smokeable material section.
- the heating regions 10 may alternatively be activated sequentially, one after the other, in response to a single, initial puff at the mouthpiece 6 .
- the heating regions 10 may be activated at regular, predetermined intervals over the expected inhalation period for a particular smokeable material cartridge 11 .
- the inhalation period may, for example, be between approximately one and approximately four minutes. Therefore, at least the fifth and ninth steps S 5 , S 9 shown in FIG. 10 are optional.
- Each heating region 10 may be activated for a predetermined period corresponding to the duration of the single or plurality of puffs for which the corresponding independently heatable smokeable material section 5 is intended to be heated.
- the controller 12 may be configured to indicate to the user that the cartridge 11 should be changed.
- the controller 12 may, for example, activate an indicator light at the external surface of the housing 7 .
- activating individual heating regions 10 in order rather than activating the entire heater 3 means that the energy required to heat the smokeable material 5 is reduced over what would be required if the heater 3 were activated fully over the entire inhalation period of a cartridge 11 . Therefore, the maximum required power output of the energy source 2 is also reduced. This means that a smaller and lighter energy source 2 can be installed in the apparatus 1 .
- the controller 12 may be configured to de-activate the heater 3 , or reduce the power being supplied to the heater 3 , in between puffs. This saves energy and extends the life of the energy source 2 .
- the controller 12 may be configured to cause the heater 3 , or next heating region 10 to be used to heat the smokeable material 5 , to be partially activated so that it heats up in preparation to volatilize components of the smokeable material 5 .
- the partial activation does not heat the smokeable material 5 to a sufficient temperature to volatilize nicotine.
- a suitable temperature could be below 120° C., such as 100° C. or below.
- An example is a temperature between 60° C. and 100° C., such as a temperature between 80° C. and 100° C. The temperature may be less than 100° C.
- the controller 12 can then cause the heater 3 or heating region 10 in question to heat the smokeable material 5 further in order to rapidly volatilize the nicotine and other aromatic compounds for inhalation by the user.
- a suitable temperature for volatilizing the nicotine and other aromatic compounds may be 100° C. or above, such as 120° C. or above.
- An example is a temperature between 100° C. and 250° C., such as between 100° C. and 220° C., between 100° C. and 200° C., between 150° C.
- the temperature may be more than 100° C.
- An example full activation temperature is 150° C., although other values such as 250° C. are also possible.
- a super-capacitor can optionally be used to provide the peak current used to heat the smokeable material 5 to the volatization temperature.
- An example of a suitable heating pattern is shown in FIG. 12 , in which the peaks may respectively represent the full activation of different heating regions 10 . As can be seen, the smokeable material 5 is maintained at the volatization temperature for the approximate period of the puff which, in this example, is two seconds.
- a first operational mode In a first operational mode, during full activation of a particular heating region 10 , all other heating regions 10 of the heater are deactivated. Therefore, when a new heating region 10 is activated, the previous heating region is deactivated. Power is supplied only to the activated region 10 .
- one or more of the other heating regions 10 may be partially activated. Partial activation of the one or more other heating regions 10 may comprise heating the other heating region(s) 10 to a temperature which is sufficient to substantially prevent condensation of components such as nicotine volatized from the smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 .
- the temperature of the heating regions 10 which are partially activated is less than the temperature of the heating region 10 which is fully activated.
- the smokeable material 10 located adjacent the partially activated regions 10 is not heated to a temperature sufficient to volatize components of the smokeable material 5 .
- a particular heating region 10 in a third operational mode, once a particular heating region 10 has been activated, it remains fully activated until the heater 3 is switched off. Therefore, the power supplied to the heater 3 incrementally increases as more of the heating regions 10 are activated during inhalation from the cartridge 11 . As with the second mode previously described, the continuing activation of the heating regions 10 substantially prevent condensation of components such as nicotine volatized from the smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 .
- the apparatus 1 may comprise a heat shield 3 a, which is located between the heater 3 and the heating chamber 4 /smokeable material 5 .
- the heat shield 3 a is configured to substantially prevent thermal energy from flowing through the heat shield 3 a and therefore can be used to selectively prevent the smokeable material 5 from being heated even when the heater 3 is activated and emitting thermal energy.
- the heat shield 3 a may, for example, comprise a cylindrical layer of heat reflective material which is located co-axially around the heater 3 .
- the heat shield 3 a may comprise a cylindrical layer of heat reflective material which is located co-axially around the heating chamber 4 and co-axially inside of the heater 3 .
- the heat shield 3 a may additionally or alternatively comprise a heat-insulating layer configured to insulate the heater 3 from the smokeable material 5 .
- the heat shield 3 a comprises a substantially heat-transparent window 3 b which allows thermal energy to propagate through the window 3 b and into the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 . Therefore, the section of smokeable material 5 which is aligned with the window 3 b is heated whilst the remainder of the smokeable material 5 is not.
- the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may be rotatable or otherwise moveable with respect to the smokeable material 5 so that different sections of the smokeable material 5 can be selectively and individually heated by rotating or moving the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b.
- the effect is similar to the effect provided by selectively and individually activating the heating regions 10 referred to above.
- the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may be rotated or otherwise moved incrementally in response to a signal from the puff detector 13 .
- the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may be rotated or otherwise moved incrementally in response to a predetermined heating period having elapsed. Movement or rotation of the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may be controlled by electronic signals from the controller 12 .
- the relative rotation or other movement of the heat shield 3 a /window 3 b and smokeable material 5 may be driven by a stepper motor 3 c under the control of the controller 12 . This is illustrated in FIG. 19 .
- the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may be manually rotated using a user control such as an actuator on the housing 7 .
- the heat shield 3 a does not need to be cylindrical and may comprise optionally comprise one or more suitably positioned longitudinally extending elements and or/plates.
- the heating chamber 4 may be rotatable around the heater 3 . If this is the case, the above description relating to movement of the heat shield 3 a can be applied instead to movement of the heating chamber 4 relative to the heat shield 3 a.
- the heat shield 3 a may comprise a coating on the longitudinal surface of the heater 3 . In this case, an area of the heater's surface is left uncoated to form the heat-transparent window 3 b.
- the heater 3 can be rotated or otherwise moved, for example under the control of the controller 12 or user controls, to cause different sections of the smokeable material 5 to be heated.
- the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may comprise a separate shield 3 a which is rotatable or otherwise moveable relative to both the heater 3 and the smokeable material 5 under the control of the controller 12 or other user controls.
- the apparatus 1 may comprise air inlets 14 which allow external air to be drawn into the housing 7 and through the heated smokeable material 5 during puffing.
- the air inlets 14 may comprise apertures 14 in the housing 7 and may be located upstream from the smokeable material 5 and heating chamber 4 towards the first end 8 of the housing 7 . This is shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 11 Another example is shown in FIG. 11 .
- Air drawn in through the inlets 14 travels through the heated smokeable material 5 and therein is enriched with smokeable material vapours, such as aroma vapours, before being inhaled by the user at the mouthpiece 6 .
- the apparatus 1 may comprise a heat exchanger 15 configured to warm the air before it enters the smokeable material 5 and/or to cool the air before it is drawn through the mouthpiece 6 .
- the heat exchanger 15 may be configured to use heat extracted from the air entering the mouthpiece 6 to warm new air before it enters the smokeable material 5 .
- the apparatus 1 may comprise a smokeable material compressor 16 configured to cause the smokeable material 5 to compress upon activation of the compressor 16 .
- the apparatus 1 can also comprise a smokeable material expander 17 configured to cause the smokeable material 5 to expand upon activation of the expander 17 .
- the compressor 16 and expander 17 may, in practice, be implemented as the same unit as will be explained below.
- the smokeable material compressor 16 and expander 17 may optionally operate under the control of the controller 12 .
- the controller 12 is configured to send a signal, such as an electrical signal, to the compressor 16 or expander 17 which causes the compressor 16 or expander 17 to respectively compress or expand the smokeable material 5 .
- the compressor 16 and expander 17 may be actuated by a user of the apparatus 1 using a manual control on the housing 7 to compress or expand the smokeable material 5 as required.
- the compressor 16 is principally configured to compress the smokeable material 5 and thereby increase its density during heating. Compression of the smokeable material increases the thermal conductivity of the body of smokeable material 5 and therefore provides a more rapid heating and consequent rapid volatization of nicotine and other aromatic compounds. This is preferable because it allows the nicotine and aromatics to be inhaled by the user without substantial delay in response to detection of a puff. Therefore, the controller 12 may activate the compressor 16 to compress the smokeable material 5 for predetermined heating period, for example one second, in response to detection of a puff. The compressor 16 may be configured to reduce its compression of the smokeable material 5 , for example under the control of the controller 12 , after the predetermined heating period.
- the compression may be reduced or automatically ended in response to the smokeable material 5 reaching a predetermined threshold temperature.
- a suitable threshold temperature may be in the range of approximately 100° C. to 250° C., such as between 100° C. and 220° C., between 150° C. and 250° C., between 100° C. and 200° C. or between 130° C. and 180° C.
- the threshold temperature may be above 100° C., such as a value above 120° C., and may be user selectable.
- a temperature sensor may be used to detect the temperature of the smokeable material 5 .
- the expander 17 is principally configured to expand the smokeable material 5 and thereby decrease its density during puffing.
- the arrangement of smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 becomes more loose when the smokeable material 5 has been expanded and this aids the gaseous flow, for example air from the inlets 14 , through the smokeable material 5 .
- the air is therefore more able to carry the volatilized nicotine and aromatics to the mouthpiece 6 for inhalation.
- the controller 12 may activate the expander 17 to expand the smokeable material 5 immediately following the compression period referred to above so that air can be drawn more freely through the smokeable material 5 .
- Actuation of the expander 17 may be accompanied by a user-audible sound or other indication to indicate to the user that the smokeable material 5 has been heated and that puffing can commence.
- the compressor 16 and expander 17 may comprise a spring-actuated driving rod which is configured to compress the smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 when the spring is released from compression.
- the compressor 16 may comprise a ring, having a thickness approximately equal to the tubular-shaped heating chamber 4 described above, which is driven by a spring or other means into the heating chamber 4 to compress the smokeable material 5 .
- the compressor 16 may be comprised as part of the heater 3 so that the heater 3 itself is configured to compress and expand the smokeable material 5 under the control of the controller 12 .
- the plates 10 may be independently moveable in a longitudinal direction of the heater 3 to expand or compress the sections of smokeable material 5 which are located adjacent to them.
- a method of compressing and expanding the smokeable material 5 is shown in FIG. 15 .
- Thermal insulation 18 may be provided between the smokeable material 5 and an external surface 19 of the housing 7 to reduce heat loss from the apparatus 1 and therefore improve the efficiency with which the smokeable material 5 is heated.
- a wall of the housing 7 may comprise a layer of insulation 18 which extends around the outside of the heating chamber 4 .
- the insulation layer 18 may comprise a substantially tubular length of insulation 18 located co-axially around the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 . This is shown in FIG. 1 . It will be appreciated that the insulation 18 could also be comprised as part of the smokeable material cartridge 11 , in which it would be located co-axially around the outside of the smokeable material 5 .
- the insulation 18 may comprise vacuum insulation 18 .
- the insulation 18 may comprise a layer which is bounded by a wall material 19 such as a metallic material.
- An internal region or core 20 of the insulation 18 may comprise an open-cell porous material, for example comprising polymers, aerogels or other suitable material, which is evacuated to a low pressure.
- the pressure in the internal region 20 may be in the range of 0.1 to 0.001 mbar.
- the wall 19 of the insulation 18 is sufficiently strong to withstand the force exerted against it due to the pressure differential between the core 20 and external surfaces of the wall 19 , thereby preventing the insulation 18 from collapsing.
- the wall 19 may, for example, comprise a stainless steel wall 19 having a thickness of approximately 100 ⁇ m.
- the thermal conductivity of the insulation 18 may be in the range of 0.004 to 0.005 W/mK.
- the heat transfer coefficient of the insulation 18 may be between approximately 1.10 W/(m 2 K) and approximately 1.40 W/(m 2 K) within a temperature range of between 100° C. and 250° C., such as between approximately 150 degrees Celsius and approximately 250 degrees Celsius.
- the gaseous conductivity of the insulation 18 is negligible.
- a reflective coating may be applied to the internal surfaces of the wall material 19 to minimize heat losses due to radiation propagating through the insulation 18 .
- the coating may, for example, comprise an aluminium IR reflective coating having a thickness of between approximately 0.3 ⁇ m and 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the evacuated state of the internal core region 20 means that the insulation 18 functions even when the thickness of the core region 20 is very small.
- the insulating properties are substantially unaffected by its thickness. This helps to reduce the overall size of the apparatus 1 .
- the wall 19 may comprise an inwardly-facing section 21 and an outwardly-facing section 22 .
- the inwardly-facing section 21 substantially faces the smokeable material 5 and heating chamber 4 .
- the outwardly-facing section 22 substantially faces the exterior of the housing 7 .
- the inwardly-facing section 21 may be warmer due to the thermal energy originating from the heater 3 , whilst the outwardly-facing section 22 is cooler due to the effect of the insulation 18 .
- the inwardly-facing section 21 and the outwardly-facing section 22 may, for example, comprise substantially parallel longitudinally-extending walls 19 which are at least as long as the heater 3 .
- the internal surface of the outwardly-facing wall section 22 i.e. the surface facing the evacuated core region 20 , may comprise a coating for absorbing gas in the core 20 .
- a suitable coating is a titanium oxide film.
- a thermal bridge 23 may connect the inwardly-facing wall section 21 to the outwardly-facing wall section 22 at the edges of the insulation 18 in order to completely encompass and contain the low pressure core 20 .
- the thermal bridge 23 may comprise a wall 19 formed of the same material as the inwardly and outwardly-facing sections 21 , 22 .
- a suitable material is stainless steel, as previously discussed.
- the thermal bridge 23 has a greater thermal conductivity than the insulating core 20 and therefore may undesirably conduct heat out of the apparatus 1 and, in doing so, reduce the efficiency with which the smokeable material 5 is heated.
- the thermal bridge 23 may be extended to increase its resistance to heat flow from the inwardly-facing section 21 to the outwardly-facing section 22 . This is schematically illustrated in FIG. 18 .
- the thermal bridge 23 may follow an indirect path between the inwardly-facing section 21 of wall 19 and the outwardly-facing section 22 of wall 19 .
- the heating chamber 4 insulated by the insulation 18 may comprise inlet and outlet valves 24 which hermetically seal the heating chamber 4 when closed.
- the valves 24 can thereby prevent air from undesirably entering and exiting the chamber 4 and can prevent smokeable material flavours from exiting the chamber 4 .
- the inlet and outlet values 24 may, for example, be provided in the insulation 18 .
- the valves 24 may be closed by the controller 12 so that all volatilized substances remain contained inside the chamber 4 in-between puffs. The partial pressure of the volatized substances between puffs reaches the saturated vapour pressure and the amount of evaporated substances therefore depends only on the temperature in the heating chamber 4 .
- the controller 12 is configured to open the valves 24 so that air can flow through the chamber 4 to carry volatilized smokeable material components to the mouthpiece 6 .
- a membrane can be located in the valves 24 to ensure that no oxygen enters the chamber 4 .
- the valves 24 may be breath-actuated so that the valves 24 open in response to detection of a puff at the mouthpiece 6 .
- the valves 24 may close in response to a detection that a puff has ended. Alternatively, the valves 24 may close following the elapse of a predetermined period after their opening. The predetermined period may be timed by the controller 12 .
- a mechanical or other suitable opening/closing means may be present so that the valves 24 open and close automatically.
- the gaseous movement caused by a user puffing on the mouthpiece 6 may be used to open and close the valves 24 . Therefore, the use of the controller 12 is not necessarily required to actuate the valves 24 .
- the mass of the smokeable material 5 which is heated by the heater 3 , for example by each heating region 10 may be in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 g.
- the temperature to which the smokeable material 5 is heated may be user controllable, for example to any temperature within the temperature range of 100° C. to 250° C., such as any temperature within the range of 150° C. to 250° C. and the other volatizing temperature ranges previously described.
- the mass of the apparatus 1 as a whole may be in the range of 70 to 125 g.
- a battery 2 with a capacity of 1000 to 3000 mAh and voltage of 3.7V can be used.
- the heating regions 10 may be configured to individually and selectively heat between approximately 10 and 40 sections of smokeable material 5 for a single cartridge 11 .
- the heater 3 may be located around the outside of the smokeable material 5 rather than the smokeable material 5 being located around the heater 3 .
- the heater 3 may therefore circumscribe the smokeable material 5 to apply heat to the smokeable material 5 in a substantially radially inward direction.
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to heating smokeable material.
- Smoking articles such as cigarettes and cigars burn tobacco during use to create tobacco smoke. Attempts have been made to provide alternatives to these smoking articles by creating products which release compounds without creating tobacco smoke. Examples of such products are so-called heat-not-burn products which release compounds by heating, but not burning, tobacco.
- According to the invention, there is provided an apparatus comprising a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater.
- A length of each heating region may be less than a length of the heater.
- Each heating region may comprise a longitudinal heating element having a length which is less than a length of the heater.
- The heating regions may be arranged in end-to-end relationship along the longitudinal axis of the heater.
- The heater may comprise a longitudinal surface which extends over the plurality of heating regions.
- The heater may be configured to heat smokeable material located around an outside of the longitudinal surface of the heater.
- Each heating region may comprise a disk-shaped section of heater.
- The heater may be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material may be located co-axially outwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater.
- The smokeable material may comprise a substantially tubular body of smokeable material.
- The heater may be configured to heat smokeable material located inside a longitudinal surface of the heater.
- Each heating region may comprise a ring-shaped section of heater.
- The heater may be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatus and smokeable material may be located co-axially inwardly of a longitudinal surface of the heater.
- The heater may comprise an embossed exterior surface configured to heat smokeable material.
- The heater may be substantially cylindrical in shape.
- Each heating region may comprise a substantially cylindrical section of the heater.
- The heater may be configured to heat the smokeable material to a temperature in a range of approximately 100° C. to 250° C., such as temperature in a range of approximately 150° C. to approximately 250° C.
- Each heating region may be arranged to heat a different section of the smokeable material.
- The apparatus may comprise a controller configured to activate the heating regions sequentially over a period of time.
- The controller may be configured to activate each heating region in response to a puff.
- The heater may be a substantially ceramics heater responsive to electrical energy to emit thermal energy.
- The apparatus may be configured to heat the smokeable material without combusting the smokeable material.
- According to the invention, there is provided a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater.
- According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, comprising an infra-red heater.
- The infra-red heater may comprise a halogen infra-red heater.
- For exemplary purposes only, embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the accompanying figures in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material to release aromatic compounds and/or nicotine from the smokeable material; -
FIG. 2 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate ceramic heater divided into radial heating sections; -
FIG. 3 is an exploded, partially cut-away view of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate ceramic heater divided into radial heating sections; -
FIG. 4 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate infra-red heater; -
FIG. 5 is an exploded, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around an elongate infra-red heater; -
FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is provided around a plurality of longitudinal, elongate heating sections spaced around a central longitudinal axis; -
FIG. 7 is a perspective illustration of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the regions of smokeable material are provided between pairs of upstanding heating plates; -
FIG. 8 is a perspective illustration of the apparatus shown inFIG. 7 , in which an external housing is additionally illustrated; -
FIG. 9 is an exploded view of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which the regions of smokeable material are provided between pairs of upstanding heating plates; -
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a method of activating heating regions and opening and closing heating chamber valves during puffing; -
FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a gaseous flow through an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material; -
FIG. 12 is a graphical illustration of a heating pattern which can be used to heat smokeable material using a heater; -
FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a smokeable material compressor configured to compress smokeable material during heating; -
FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a smokeable material expander configured to expand smokeable material during puffing; -
FIG. 15 is a flow diagram showing a method of compressing smokeable material during heating and expanding the smokeable material for puffing; -
FIG. 16 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a section of vacuum insulation configured to insulate heated smokeable material from heat loss; -
FIG. 17 is another schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a section of vacuum insulation configured to insulate heated smokeable material from heat loss; -
FIG. 18 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a heat resistive thermal bridge which follows an indirect path from a higher temperature insulation wall to a lower temperature insulation wall; -
FIG. 19 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a heat shield and a heat-transparent window which are moveable relative to a body of smokeable material to selectively allow thermal energy to be transmitted to different sections of the smokeable material through the window; and -
FIG. 20 is schematic, cross sectional illustration of part of an apparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which a heating chamber is hermetically sealable by check valves. - As used herein, the term ‘smokeable material’ includes any material that provides volatilized components upon heating and includes any tobacco-containing material and may, for example, include one or more of tobacco, tobacco derivatives, expanded tobacco, reconstituted tobacco or tobacco substitutes.
- An apparatus 1 for heating smokeable material comprises an
energy source 2, aheater 3 and aheating chamber 4. Theenergy source 2 may comprise a battery such as a Li-ion battery, Ni battery, Alkaline battery and/or the like, and is electrically coupled to theheater 3 to supply electrical energy to theheater 3 when required. Theheating chamber 4 is configured to receivesmokeable material 5 so that thesmokeable material 5 can be heated in theheating chamber 4. For example, theheating chamber 4 may be located adjacent to theheater 3 so that thermal energy from theheater 3 heats thesmokeable material 5 therein to volatilize aromatic compounds and nicotine in thesmokeable material 5 without burning thesmokeable material 5. Amouthpiece 6 is provided through which a user of the apparatus 1 can inhale the volatilized compounds during use of the apparatus 1. Thesmokeable material 5 may comprise a tobacco blend. - As shown in
FIG. 1 , theheater 3 may comprise a substantially cylindrical,elongate heater 3 and theheating chamber 4 is located around a circumferential, longitudinal surface of theheater 3. Theheating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5 therefore comprise co-axial layers around theheater 3. However, as will be evident from the discussion below, other shapes and configurations of theheater 3 andheating chamber 4 can alternatively be used. - A
housing 7 may contain components of the apparatus 1 such as theenergy source 2 andheater 3. As shown inFIG. 1 , thehousing 7 may comprise an approximately cylindrical tube with theenergy source 2 located towards itsfirst end 8 and theheater 3 andheating chamber 4 located towards its opposite,second end 9. Theenergy source 2 andheater 3 extend along the longitudinal axis of thehousing 7. For example, as shown inFIG. 1 , theenergy source 2 andheater 3 can be aligned along the central longitudinal axis of thehousing 7 in an end-to-end arrangement so that an end face of theenergy source 2 faces an end face of theheater 3. The length of thehousing 7 may be approximately 130 mm, the length of energy source may be approximately 59 mm, and the length of theheater 3 andheating region 4 may be approximately 50 mm. The diameter of thehousing 7 may be between approximately 15 mm and approximately 18 mm. For example, the diameter of the housing'sfirst end 8 may be 18 mm whilst the diameter of themouthpiece 6 at the housing'ssecond end 9 may be 15 mm. The diameter of theheater 3 may be between approximately 2.0 mm and approximately 6.0 mm. The diameter of theheater 3 may, for example, be between approximately 4.0 mm and approximately 4.5 mm or between approximately 2.0 mm and approximately 3.0 mm. Heater diameters outside these ranges may alternatively be used. The depth of theheating chamber 4 may be approximately 5 mm and theheating chamber 4 may have an exterior diameter of approximately 10 mm at its outwardly-facing surface. The diameter of theenergy source 2 may be between approximately 14.0 mm and approximately 15.0 mm, such as 14.6 mm. - Heat insulation may be provided between the
energy source 2 and theheater 3 to prevent direct transfer of heat from one to the other. Themouthpiece 6 can be located at thesecond end 9 of thehousing 7, adjacent theheating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5. Thehousing 7 is suitable for being gripped by a user during use of the apparatus 1 so that the user can inhale volatilized smokeable material compounds from themouthpiece 6 of the apparatus 1. - Referring to
FIGS. 2 and 3 , theheater 3 may comprise aceramics heater 3. Theceramics heater 3 may, for example, comprise base ceramics of alumina and/or silicon nitride which are laminated and sintered. Alternatively, referring toFIGS. 4 and 5 , theheater 3 may comprise an infra-red (IR)heater 3 such as a halogen-IR lamp 3. TheIR heater 3 may have a low mass and therefore its use can help to reduce the overall mass of the apparatus 1. For example, the mass of the IR heater may be 20% to 30% less than the mass of aceramics heater 3 having an equivalent heating power output. TheIR heater 3 also has low thermal inertia and therefore is able to heat thesmokeable material 5 very rapidly in response to an activation stimulus. TheIR heater 3 may be configured to emit IR electromagnetic radiation of between approximately 700 nm and 4.5 μm in wavelength. - As indicated above and shown in
FIG. 1 , theheater 3 may be located in a central region of thehousing 7 and theheating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5 may be located around the longitudinal surface of theheater 3. In this arrangement, thermal energy emitted by theheater 3 travels in a radial direction outwards from the longitudinal surface of theheater 3 into theheating chamber 4 and thesmokeable material 5. - The
heater 3 may optionally comprise a plurality ofindividual heating regions 10. Theheating regions 10 may be operable independently of one another so thatdifferent regions 10 can be activated at different times to heat thesmokeable material 5. Theheating regions 10 may be arranged in theheater 3 in any geometric arrangement. However, in the examples shown in the figures, theheating regions 10 are geometrically arranged in theheater 3 so that different ones of theheating regions 10 are arranged to predominately and independently heat different regions of thesmokeable material 5. - For example, referring to
FIG. 2 , theheater 3 may comprise a plurality of axially alignedheating regions 10. Theregions 10 may each comprise an individual element of theheater 3. Theheating regions 10 may, for example, all be aligned with each other along a longitudinal axis of theheater 3, thus providing a plurality of independent heating zones along the length of theheater 3. Eachheating region 10 may comprise aheating cylinder 10 having a finite length which is significantly less than the length of theheater 3 as a whole. The arrangement and features of thecylinders 10 are discussed below in terms of heating disks, where each disk has a depth which is equivalent to cylinder length. Theheating disks 10 are arranged with their radial surfaces facing one another along the length of theheater 3. The radial surfaces of eachdisk 10 may touch the radial surfaces of its neighbouringdisks 10. Alternatively, a heat insulating or heat reflecting layer may be present between the radial surfaces of thedisks 10 so that thermal energy emitted from each one of thedisks 10 does not substantially heat the neighbouringdisks 10 and instead travels predominately outwards from the circumferential surface of thedisk 10 into theheating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5. Eachdisk 10 may have substantially the same dimensions as theother disks 10. - In this way, when a particular one of the
heating regions 10 is activated, it supplies thermal energy to thesmokeable material 5 located radially around theheating region 10 without substantially heating the remainder of thesmokeable material 5. For example, referring toFIG. 2 , the heated region ofsmokeable material 5 may comprise a ring ofsmokeable material 5 located around theheating disk 10 which has been activated. Thesmokeable material 5 can therefore be heated in independent sections, for example rings, where each section corresponds tosmokeable material 5 located directly around a particular one of theheating regions 10 and has a mass and volume which is significantly less than the body ofsmokeable material 5 as a whole. - Additionally or alternatively, referring to
FIG. 6 , theheater 3 may comprise a plurality of elongate, longitudinally extendingheating regions 10 positioned at different locations around the central longitudinal axis of theheater 3. Although shown as being of different lengths inFIG. 6 , the longitudinally extendingheating regions 10 may be of substantially the same length so that each extends along substantially the whole length of theheater 3. Eachheating region 10 may comprise, for example, an individualIR heating element 10 such as anIR heating filament 10. Optionally, a body of heat insulation or heat reflective material may be provided along the central longitudinal axis of theheater 3 so that thermal energy emitted by eachheating region 10 travels predominately outwards from theheater 3 into theheating chamber 4 and thus heats thesmokeable material 5. The distance between the central longitudinal axis of theheater 3 and each of theheating regions 10 may be substantially equal. Theheating regions 10 may optionally be contained in a substantially infra-red and/or heat transparent tube, or other housing, which forms a longitudinal surface of theheater 3. Theheating regions 10 may be fixed in position relative to theother heating regions 10 inside the tube. - In this way, when a particular one of the
heating regions 10 is activated, it supplies thermal energy to thesmokeable material 5 located adjacent to theheating region 10 without substantially heating the remainder of thesmokeable material 5. The heated section ofsmokeable material 5 may comprise a longitudinal section ofsmokeable material 5 which lies parallel and directly adjacent to thelongitudinal heating region 10. Therefore, as with the previous example, thesmokeable material 5 can be heated in independent sections. - As will be described further below, the
heating regions 10 can each be individually and selectively activated. - The
smokeable material 5 may be comprised in acartridge 11 which can be inserted into theheating chamber 4. For example, as shown inFIG. 1 , thecartridge 11 can comprise asmokeable material tube 11 which can be inserted around theheater 3 so that the internal surface of thesmokeable material tube 11 faces the longitudinal surface of theheater 3. Thesmokeable material tube 11 may be hollow. The diameter of the hollow centre of thetube 11 may be substantially equal to, or slightly larger than, the diameter of theheater 3 so that thetube 11 is a close fit around theheater 3. The length of thecartridge 11 may be approximately equal to the length of theheater 3 so that theheater 3 can heat thecartridge 11 along its whole length. - The
housing 7 of the apparatus 1 may comprise an opening through which thecartridge 11 can be inserted into theheating chamber 4. The opening may, for example, comprise a ring-shaped opening located at the housing'ssecond end 9 so that thecartridge 11 can be slid into the opening and pushed directly into theheating chamber 4. The opening is preferably closed during use of the apparatus 1 to heat thesmokeable material 5. Alternatively, a section of thehousing 7 at thesecond end 9 is removable from the apparatus 1 so that thesmokeable material 5 can be inserted into theheating chamber 4. An example of this is shown inFIG. 9 . The apparatus 1 may optionally be equipped with a user-operable smokeable material ejection unit, such as an internal mechanism configured to slide usedsmokeable material 5 off and/or away from theheater 3. The usedsmokeable material 5 may, for example, be pushed back through the opening in thehousing 7. Anew cartridge 11 can then be inserted as required. - In an alternative configuration of
heater 3, theheater 3 comprises a spirally shapedheater 3. The spirally shapedheater 3 may be configured to screw into thesmokeable material cartridge 11 and may comprise adjacent, axially-alignedheating regions 10 so as to operate in substantially the same manner as described the linear,elongate heater 3 described above. - In an alternative configuration of
heater 3 andheating chamber 4, theheater 3 comprises a substantially elongate tube, which may be cylindrical, and theheating chamber 4 is located inside thetube 3 rather than around the heater's outside. Theheater 3 may comprise a plurality of axially-aligned heating sections, which may each comprise a heating ring configured to heatsmokeable material 5 located radially inwardly from the ring. In this way, theheater 3 is configured to independently heat separate sections ofsmokeable material 5 in theheating chamber 4 in a manner similar to theheater 3 described above in relation toFIG. 2 . The heat is applied radially inwardly to thesmokeable material 5, rather than radially outwardly as previously described. - Alternatively, referring to
FIGS. 7 , 8 and 9, a different geometrical configuration ofheater 3 andsmokeable material 5 can be used. More particularly, theheater 3 can comprise a plurality ofheating regions 10 which extend directly into anelongate heating chamber 4 which is divided into sections by theheating regions 10. During use, theheating regions 10 extend directly into an elongatesmokeable material cartridge 11 or other substantially solid body ofsmokeable material 5. Thesmokeable material 5 in theheating chamber 4 is thereby divided into discrete sections separated from each other by the spaced-apartheating regions 10. Theheater 3,heating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5 may extend together along a central, longitudinal axis of thehousing 7. As shown inFIGS. 7 and 9 , theheating regions 10 may each comprise aprojection 10, such as anupstanding heating plate 10, which extends into the body ofsmokeable material 5. Theprojections 10 are discussed below in the context ofheating plates 10. The principal plane of theheating plates 10 may be substantially perpendicular to the principal longitudinal axis of the body ofsmokeable material 5 andheating chamber 4 and/orhousing 7. Theheating plates 10 may be parallel to one another, as shown inFIGS. 7 and 9 . Each section ofsmokeable material 5 is bounded by a main heating surface of a pair ofheating plates 10 located either side of the smokeable material section, so that activation of one or both of theheating plates 10 will cause thermal energy to be transferred directly into thesmokeable material 5. The heating surfaces may be embossed to increase the surface area of theheating plate 10 against thesmokeable material 5. Optionally, eachheating plate 10 may comprise a thermally reflective layer which divides theplate 10 into two halves along its principal plane. Each half of theplate 10 can thus constitute aseparate heating region 10 and may be independently activated to heat only the section ofsmokeable material 5 which lies directly against that half of theplate 10, rather than thesmokeable material 5 on both sides of theplate 10.Adjacent plates 10, or facing portions thereof, may be activated to heat a section ofsmokeable material 5, which is located between the adjacent plates, from substantially opposite sides of the section ofsmokeable material 5. - The elongate smokeable material cartridge or
body 11 can be installed between, and removed from, theheating chamber 4 andheating plates 10 by removing a section of thehousing 7 at the housing'ssecond end 9, as previously described. Theheating regions 10 can be individually and selectively activated to heat different sections of thesmokeable material 5 as required. - In this way, when a particular one or pair of the
heating regions 10 is activated, it supplies thermal energy to thesmokeable material 5 located directly adjacent to the heating region(s) 10 without substantially heating the remainder of thesmokeable material 5. The heated section ofsmokeable material 5 may comprise a radial section ofsmokeable material 5 located between theheating regions 10, as shown inFIGS. 7 to 9 . - The apparatus 1 may comprise a
controller 12, such as amicrocontroller 12, which is configured to control operation of the apparatus 1. Thecontroller 12 is electronically connected to the other components of the apparatus 1 such as theenergy source 2 andheater 3 so that it can control their operation by sending and receiving signals. Thecontroller 12 is, in particular, configured to control activation of theheater 3 to heat thesmokeable material 5. For example, thecontroller 12 may be configured to activate theheater 3, which may comprise selectively activating one ormore heating regions 10, in response to a user drawing on themouthpiece 6 of the apparatus 1. In this regard, thecontroller 12 may be in communication with a puff sensor 13 via a suitable communicative coupling. The puff sensor 13 is configured to detect when a puff occurs at themouthpiece 6 and, in response, is configured to send a signal to thecontroller 12 indicative of the puff. An electronic signal may be used. Thecontroller 12 may respond to the signal from the puff sensor 13 by activating theheater 3 and thereby heating thesmokeable material 5. The use of a puff sensor 13 to activate theheater 3 is not, however, essential and other means for providing a stimulus to activate theheater 3 can alternatively be used. The volatilized compounds released during heating can then be inhaled by the user through themouthpiece 6. Thecontroller 12 can be located at any suitable position within thehousing 7. An example position is between theenergy source 2 and theheater 3/heating chamber 4, as illustrated inFIG. 3 . - If the
heater 3 comprises two ormore heating regions 10 as described above, thecontroller 12 may be configured to activate theheating regions 10 in a predetermined order or pattern. For example, thecontroller 12 may be configured to activate theheating regions 10 sequentially along or around theheating chamber 4. Each activation of aheating region 10 may be in response to detection of a puff by the puff sensor 13 or may be triggered in an alternative way, as described further below. - Referring to
FIG. 10 , an example heating method may comprise a first step S1 in which a first puff is detected followed by a second step S2 in which a first section ofsmokeable material 5 is heated in response to the first puff. In a third step S3, hermetically sealable inlet andoutlet valves 24 may be opened to allow air to be drawn through theheating chamber 4 and out of the apparatus 1 through themouthpiece 6. In a fourth step, thevalves 24 are closed. Thesevalves 24 are described in more detail below with respect toFIG. 20 . In fifth S5, sixth S6, seventh S7 and eighth S8 steps, a second section ofsmokeable material 5 may be heated in response to a second puff, with a corresponding opening and closing of the heating chamber inlet andoutlet valves 24. In ninth S9, tenth S10, eleventh S11 and twelfth S12 steps, a third section of thesmokeable material 5 may be heated in response to a third puff with a corresponding opening and closing of the heating chamber inlet andoutlet valves 24, and so on. Means other than a puff sensor 13 could alternatively be used. For example, a user of the apparatus 1 may actuate a control switch to indicate that he/she is taking a new puff. In this way, a fresh section ofsmokeable material 5 may be heated to volatilize nicotine and aromatic compounds for each new puff. The number ofheating regions 10 and/or independently heatable sections ofsmokeable material 5 may correspond to the number of puffs for which thecartridge 11 is intended to be used. Alternatively, each independently heatablesmokeable material section 5 may be heated by its corresponding heating region(s) 10 for a plurality of puffs such as two, three or four puffs, so that a fresh section ofsmokeable material 5 is heated only after a plurality of puffs have been taken whilst heating the previous smokeable material section. - Instead of activating each
heating region 10 in response to an individual puff, theheating regions 10 may alternatively be activated sequentially, one after the other, in response to a single, initial puff at themouthpiece 6. For example, theheating regions 10 may be activated at regular, predetermined intervals over the expected inhalation period for a particularsmokeable material cartridge 11. The inhalation period may, for example, be between approximately one and approximately four minutes. Therefore, at least the fifth and ninth steps S5, S9 shown inFIG. 10 are optional. Eachheating region 10 may be activated for a predetermined period corresponding to the duration of the single or plurality of puffs for which the corresponding independently heatablesmokeable material section 5 is intended to be heated. Once all of theheating regions 10 have been activated for aparticular cartridge 11, thecontroller 12 may be configured to indicate to the user that thecartridge 11 should be changed. Thecontroller 12 may, for example, activate an indicator light at the external surface of thehousing 7. - It will be appreciated that activating
individual heating regions 10 in order rather than activating theentire heater 3 means that the energy required to heat thesmokeable material 5 is reduced over what would be required if theheater 3 were activated fully over the entire inhalation period of acartridge 11. Therefore, the maximum required power output of theenergy source 2 is also reduced. This means that a smaller andlighter energy source 2 can be installed in the apparatus 1. - The
controller 12 may be configured to de-activate theheater 3, or reduce the power being supplied to theheater 3, in between puffs. This saves energy and extends the life of theenergy source 2. For example, upon the apparatus 1 being switched on by a user or in response to some other stimulus, such as detection of a user placing their mouth against themouthpiece 6, thecontroller 12 may be configured to cause theheater 3, ornext heating region 10 to be used to heat thesmokeable material 5, to be partially activated so that it heats up in preparation to volatilize components of thesmokeable material 5. The partial activation does not heat thesmokeable material 5 to a sufficient temperature to volatilize nicotine. A suitable temperature could be below 120° C., such as 100° C. or below. An example is a temperature between 60° C. and 100° C., such as a temperature between 80° C. and 100° C. The temperature may be less than 100° C. In response to detection of a puff by the puff sensor 13, thecontroller 12 can then cause theheater 3 orheating region 10 in question to heat thesmokeable material 5 further in order to rapidly volatilize the nicotine and other aromatic compounds for inhalation by the user. If thesmokeable material 5 comprises tobacco, a suitable temperature for volatilizing the nicotine and other aromatic compounds may be 100° C. or above, such as 120° C. or above. An example is a temperature between 100° C. and 250° C., such as between 100° C. and 220° C., between 100° C. and 200° C., between 150° C. and 250° C. or between 130° C. and 180° C. The temperature may be more than 100° C. An example full activation temperature is 150° C., although other values such as 250° C. are also possible. A super-capacitor can optionally be used to provide the peak current used to heat thesmokeable material 5 to the volatization temperature. An example of a suitable heating pattern is shown inFIG. 12 , in which the peaks may respectively represent the full activation ofdifferent heating regions 10. As can be seen, thesmokeable material 5 is maintained at the volatization temperature for the approximate period of the puff which, in this example, is two seconds. - Three example operational modes of the
heater 3 are described below. - In a first operational mode, during full activation of a
particular heating region 10, allother heating regions 10 of the heater are deactivated. Therefore, when anew heating region 10 is activated, the previous heating region is deactivated. Power is supplied only to the activatedregion 10. - Alternatively, in a second operational mode, during full activation of a
particular heating region 10, one or more of theother heating regions 10 may be partially activated. Partial activation of the one or moreother heating regions 10 may comprise heating the other heating region(s) 10 to a temperature which is sufficient to substantially prevent condensation of components such as nicotine volatized from thesmokeable material 5 in theheating chamber 4. The temperature of theheating regions 10 which are partially activated is less than the temperature of theheating region 10 which is fully activated. Thesmokeable material 10 located adjacent the partially activatedregions 10 is not heated to a temperature sufficient to volatize components of thesmokeable material 5. - Alternatively, in a third operational mode, once a
particular heating region 10 has been activated, it remains fully activated until theheater 3 is switched off. Therefore, the power supplied to theheater 3 incrementally increases as more of theheating regions 10 are activated during inhalation from thecartridge 11. As with the second mode previously described, the continuing activation of theheating regions 10 substantially prevent condensation of components such as nicotine volatized from thesmokeable material 5 in theheating chamber 4. - The apparatus 1 may comprise a
heat shield 3 a, which is located between theheater 3 and theheating chamber 4/smokeable material 5. Theheat shield 3 a is configured to substantially prevent thermal energy from flowing through theheat shield 3 a and therefore can be used to selectively prevent thesmokeable material 5 from being heated even when theheater 3 is activated and emitting thermal energy. Referring toFIG. 19 , theheat shield 3 a may, for example, comprise a cylindrical layer of heat reflective material which is located co-axially around theheater 3. Alternatively, if theheater 3 is located around theheating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5 as previously described, theheat shield 3 a may comprise a cylindrical layer of heat reflective material which is located co-axially around theheating chamber 4 and co-axially inside of theheater 3. Theheat shield 3 a may additionally or alternatively comprise a heat-insulating layer configured to insulate theheater 3 from thesmokeable material 5. Theheat shield 3 a comprises a substantially heat-transparent window 3 b which allows thermal energy to propagate through thewindow 3 b and into theheating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5. Therefore, the section ofsmokeable material 5 which is aligned with thewindow 3 b is heated whilst the remainder of thesmokeable material 5 is not. Theheat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may be rotatable or otherwise moveable with respect to thesmokeable material 5 so that different sections of thesmokeable material 5 can be selectively and individually heated by rotating or moving theheat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b. The effect is similar to the effect provided by selectively and individually activating theheating regions 10 referred to above. For example, theheat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may be rotated or otherwise moved incrementally in response to a signal from the puff detector 13. Additionally or alternatively, theheat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may be rotated or otherwise moved incrementally in response to a predetermined heating period having elapsed. Movement or rotation of theheat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may be controlled by electronic signals from thecontroller 12. The relative rotation or other movement of theheat shield 3 a/window 3 b andsmokeable material 5 may be driven by a stepper motor 3 c under the control of thecontroller 12. This is illustrated inFIG. 19 . Alternatively, theheat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may be manually rotated using a user control such as an actuator on thehousing 7. Theheat shield 3 a does not need to be cylindrical and may comprise optionally comprise one or more suitably positioned longitudinally extending elements and or/plates. - It will be appreciated that a similar result can be obtained by rotating or moving the
smokeable material 5 relative to theheater 3,heat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b. For example, theheating chamber 4 may be rotatable around theheater 3. If this is the case, the above description relating to movement of theheat shield 3 a can be applied instead to movement of theheating chamber 4 relative to theheat shield 3 a. - The
heat shield 3 a may comprise a coating on the longitudinal surface of theheater 3. In this case, an area of the heater's surface is left uncoated to form the heat-transparent window 3 b. Theheater 3 can be rotated or otherwise moved, for example under the control of thecontroller 12 or user controls, to cause different sections of thesmokeable material 5 to be heated. Alternatively, theheat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may comprise aseparate shield 3 a which is rotatable or otherwise moveable relative to both theheater 3 and thesmokeable material 5 under the control of thecontroller 12 or other user controls. - Referring to
FIG. 6 , the apparatus 1 may compriseair inlets 14 which allow external air to be drawn into thehousing 7 and through the heatedsmokeable material 5 during puffing. The air inlets 14 may compriseapertures 14 in thehousing 7 and may be located upstream from thesmokeable material 5 andheating chamber 4 towards thefirst end 8 of thehousing 7. This is shown inFIG. 1 . - Another example is shown in
FIG. 11 . Air drawn in through theinlets 14 travels through the heatedsmokeable material 5 and therein is enriched with smokeable material vapours, such as aroma vapours, before being inhaled by the user at themouthpiece 6. Optionally, as shown inFIG. 11 , the apparatus 1 may comprise aheat exchanger 15 configured to warm the air before it enters thesmokeable material 5 and/or to cool the air before it is drawn through themouthpiece 6. For example, theheat exchanger 15 may be configured to use heat extracted from the air entering themouthpiece 6 to warm new air before it enters thesmokeable material 5. - The apparatus 1 may comprise a
smokeable material compressor 16 configured to cause thesmokeable material 5 to compress upon activation of thecompressor 16. The apparatus 1 can also comprise asmokeable material expander 17 configured to cause thesmokeable material 5 to expand upon activation of theexpander 17. Thecompressor 16 andexpander 17 may, in practice, be implemented as the same unit as will be explained below. Thesmokeable material compressor 16 andexpander 17 may optionally operate under the control of thecontroller 12. In this case, thecontroller 12 is configured to send a signal, such as an electrical signal, to thecompressor 16 orexpander 17 which causes thecompressor 16 orexpander 17 to respectively compress or expand thesmokeable material 5. Alternatively, thecompressor 16 andexpander 17 may be actuated by a user of the apparatus 1 using a manual control on thehousing 7 to compress or expand thesmokeable material 5 as required. - The
compressor 16 is principally configured to compress thesmokeable material 5 and thereby increase its density during heating. Compression of the smokeable material increases the thermal conductivity of the body ofsmokeable material 5 and therefore provides a more rapid heating and consequent rapid volatization of nicotine and other aromatic compounds. This is preferable because it allows the nicotine and aromatics to be inhaled by the user without substantial delay in response to detection of a puff. Therefore, thecontroller 12 may activate thecompressor 16 to compress thesmokeable material 5 for predetermined heating period, for example one second, in response to detection of a puff. Thecompressor 16 may be configured to reduce its compression of thesmokeable material 5, for example under the control of thecontroller 12, after the predetermined heating period. Alternatively, the compression may be reduced or automatically ended in response to thesmokeable material 5 reaching a predetermined threshold temperature. A suitable threshold temperature may be in the range of approximately 100° C. to 250° C., such as between 100° C. and 220° C., between 150° C. and 250° C., between 100° C. and 200° C. or between 130° C. and 180° C. The threshold temperature may be above 100° C., such as a value above 120° C., and may be user selectable. A temperature sensor may be used to detect the temperature of thesmokeable material 5. - The
expander 17 is principally configured to expand thesmokeable material 5 and thereby decrease its density during puffing. The arrangement ofsmokeable material 5 in theheating chamber 4 becomes more loose when thesmokeable material 5 has been expanded and this aids the gaseous flow, for example air from theinlets 14, through thesmokeable material 5. The air is therefore more able to carry the volatilized nicotine and aromatics to themouthpiece 6 for inhalation. Thecontroller 12 may activate theexpander 17 to expand thesmokeable material 5 immediately following the compression period referred to above so that air can be drawn more freely through thesmokeable material 5. Actuation of theexpander 17 may be accompanied by a user-audible sound or other indication to indicate to the user that thesmokeable material 5 has been heated and that puffing can commence. - Referring to
FIGS. 13 and 14 , thecompressor 16 andexpander 17 may comprise a spring-actuated driving rod which is configured to compress thesmokeable material 5 in theheating chamber 4 when the spring is released from compression. This is schematically illustrated inFIGS. 13 and 14 , although it will be appreciated that other implementations could be used. For example, thecompressor 16 may comprise a ring, having a thickness approximately equal to the tubular-shapedheating chamber 4 described above, which is driven by a spring or other means into theheating chamber 4 to compress thesmokeable material 5. Alternatively, thecompressor 16 may be comprised as part of theheater 3 so that theheater 3 itself is configured to compress and expand thesmokeable material 5 under the control of thecontroller 12. For example, where theheater 3 comprisesupstanding heating plates 10 of the type previously described, theplates 10 may be independently moveable in a longitudinal direction of theheater 3 to expand or compress the sections ofsmokeable material 5 which are located adjacent to them. A method of compressing and expanding thesmokeable material 5 is shown inFIG. 15 . -
Thermal insulation 18 may be provided between thesmokeable material 5 and anexternal surface 19 of thehousing 7 to reduce heat loss from the apparatus 1 and therefore improve the efficiency with which thesmokeable material 5 is heated. For example, referring toFIG. 1 , a wall of thehousing 7 may comprise a layer ofinsulation 18 which extends around the outside of theheating chamber 4. Theinsulation layer 18 may comprise a substantially tubular length ofinsulation 18 located co-axially around theheating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5. This is shown inFIG. 1 . It will be appreciated that theinsulation 18 could also be comprised as part of thesmokeable material cartridge 11, in which it would be located co-axially around the outside of thesmokeable material 5. - Referring to
FIG. 16 , theinsulation 18 may comprisevacuum insulation 18. For example, theinsulation 18 may comprise a layer which is bounded by awall material 19 such as a metallic material. An internal region orcore 20 of theinsulation 18 may comprise an open-cell porous material, for example comprising polymers, aerogels or other suitable material, which is evacuated to a low pressure. The pressure in theinternal region 20 may be in the range of 0.1 to 0.001 mbar. Thewall 19 of theinsulation 18 is sufficiently strong to withstand the force exerted against it due to the pressure differential between the core 20 and external surfaces of thewall 19, thereby preventing theinsulation 18 from collapsing. Thewall 19 may, for example, comprise astainless steel wall 19 having a thickness of approximately 100 μm. The thermal conductivity of theinsulation 18 may be in the range of 0.004 to 0.005 W/mK. The heat transfer coefficient of theinsulation 18 may be between approximately 1.10 W/(m2K) and approximately 1.40 W/(m2K) within a temperature range of between 100° C. and 250° C., such as between approximately 150 degrees Celsius and approximately 250 degrees Celsius. The gaseous conductivity of theinsulation 18 is negligible. A reflective coating may be applied to the internal surfaces of thewall material 19 to minimize heat losses due to radiation propagating through theinsulation 18. The coating may, for example, comprise an aluminium IR reflective coating having a thickness of between approximately 0.3 μm and 1.0 μm. The evacuated state of theinternal core region 20 means that theinsulation 18 functions even when the thickness of thecore region 20 is very small. The insulating properties are substantially unaffected by its thickness. This helps to reduce the overall size of the apparatus 1. - As shown in
FIG. 16 , thewall 19 may comprise an inwardly-facingsection 21 and an outwardly-facingsection 22. The inwardly-facingsection 21 substantially faces thesmokeable material 5 andheating chamber 4. The outwardly-facingsection 22 substantially faces the exterior of thehousing 7. During operation of the apparatus 1, the inwardly-facingsection 21 may be warmer due to the thermal energy originating from theheater 3, whilst the outwardly-facingsection 22 is cooler due to the effect of theinsulation 18. The inwardly-facingsection 21 and the outwardly-facingsection 22 may, for example, comprise substantially parallel longitudinally-extendingwalls 19 which are at least as long as theheater 3. The internal surface of the outwardly-facingwall section 22, i.e. the surface facing the evacuatedcore region 20, may comprise a coating for absorbing gas in thecore 20. A suitable coating is a titanium oxide film. - Referring to the schematic illustration in
FIG. 17 , athermal bridge 23 may connect the inwardly-facingwall section 21 to the outwardly-facingwall section 22 at the edges of theinsulation 18 in order to completely encompass and contain thelow pressure core 20. Thethermal bridge 23 may comprise awall 19 formed of the same material as the inwardly and outwardly-facingsections thermal bridge 23 has a greater thermal conductivity than the insulatingcore 20 and therefore may undesirably conduct heat out of the apparatus 1 and, in doing so, reduce the efficiency with which thesmokeable material 5 is heated. - To reduce heat losses due to the
thermal bridge 23, thethermal bridge 23 may be extended to increase its resistance to heat flow from the inwardly-facingsection 21 to the outwardly-facingsection 22. This is schematically illustrated inFIG. 18 . For example, thethermal bridge 23 may follow an indirect path between the inwardly-facingsection 21 ofwall 19 and the outwardly-facingsection 22 ofwall 19. This may be facilitated by providing theinsulation 18 over a longitudinal distance which is longer than the lengths of theheater 3,heating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5 so that thethermal bridge 23 can gradually extend from the inwardly-facingsection 21 to the outwardly-facingsection 22 along the indirect path, thereby reducing the thickness of the core 20 to zero, at a longitudinal location in thehousing 7 where theheater 3,heating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5 are not present. - Referring to
FIG. 20 , as previously discussed, theheating chamber 4 insulated by theinsulation 18 may comprise inlet andoutlet valves 24 which hermetically seal theheating chamber 4 when closed. Thevalves 24 can thereby prevent air from undesirably entering and exiting thechamber 4 and can prevent smokeable material flavours from exiting thechamber 4. The inlet and outlet values 24 may, for example, be provided in theinsulation 18. For example, between puffs, thevalves 24 may be closed by thecontroller 12 so that all volatilized substances remain contained inside thechamber 4 in-between puffs. The partial pressure of the volatized substances between puffs reaches the saturated vapour pressure and the amount of evaporated substances therefore depends only on the temperature in theheating chamber 4. This helps to ensure that the delivery of volatilized nicotine and aromatic compounds remains constant from puff to puff. During puffing, thecontroller 12 is configured to open thevalves 24 so that air can flow through thechamber 4 to carry volatilized smokeable material components to themouthpiece 6. A membrane can be located in thevalves 24 to ensure that no oxygen enters thechamber 4. Thevalves 24 may be breath-actuated so that thevalves 24 open in response to detection of a puff at themouthpiece 6. Thevalves 24 may close in response to a detection that a puff has ended. Alternatively, thevalves 24 may close following the elapse of a predetermined period after their opening. The predetermined period may be timed by thecontroller 12. Optionally, a mechanical or other suitable opening/closing means may be present so that thevalves 24 open and close automatically. For example, the gaseous movement caused by a user puffing on themouthpiece 6 may be used to open and close thevalves 24. Therefore, the use of thecontroller 12 is not necessarily required to actuate thevalves 24. - The mass of the
smokeable material 5 which is heated by theheater 3, for example by eachheating region 10, may be in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 g. The temperature to which thesmokeable material 5 is heated may be user controllable, for example to any temperature within the temperature range of 100° C. to 250° C., such as any temperature within the range of 150° C. to 250° C. and the other volatizing temperature ranges previously described. The mass of the apparatus 1 as a whole may be in the range of 70 to 125 g. Abattery 2 with a capacity of 1000 to 3000 mAh and voltage of 3.7V can be used. Theheating regions 10 may be configured to individually and selectively heat between approximately 10 and 40 sections ofsmokeable material 5 for asingle cartridge 11. - It will be appreciated that any of the alternatives described above can be used singly or in combination. For example, as discussed above, the
heater 3 may be located around the outside of thesmokeable material 5 rather than thesmokeable material 5 being located around theheater 3. Theheater 3 may therefore circumscribe thesmokeable material 5 to apply heat to thesmokeable material 5 in a substantially radially inward direction.
Claims (22)
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PCT/EP2012/066524 WO2013034459A1 (en) | 2011-09-06 | 2012-08-24 | Heating smokeable material |
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US18/498,292 Pending US20240057669A1 (en) | 2011-09-06 | 2023-10-31 | Heating smokeable material |
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