US8122682B2 - Modular ballast system for membrane roofs - Google Patents
Modular ballast system for membrane roofs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8122682B2 US8122682B2 US10/652,836 US65283603A US8122682B2 US 8122682 B2 US8122682 B2 US 8122682B2 US 65283603 A US65283603 A US 65283603A US 8122682 B2 US8122682 B2 US 8122682B2
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- module
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- ballast
- corner
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title abstract description 44
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
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Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D11/00—Roof covering, as far as not restricted to features covered by only one of groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00; Roof covering in ways not provided for by groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00, e.g. built-up roofs, elevated load-supporting roof coverings
- E04D11/002—Roof covering, as far as not restricted to features covered by only one of groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00; Roof covering in ways not provided for by groups E04D1/00 - E04D9/00, e.g. built-up roofs, elevated load-supporting roof coverings consisting of two or more layers, at least one of the layers permitting turfing of the roof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
- A01G9/033—Flat containers for turf, lawn or the like, e.g. for covering roofs
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D7/00—Roof covering exclusively consisting of sealing masses applied in situ; Gravelling of flat roofs
- E04D7/005—Roof covering exclusively consisting of sealing masses applied in situ; Gravelling of flat roofs characterised by loose or embedded gravel or granules as an outer protection of the roof covering
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
- F24S25/10—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules extending in directions away from a supporting surface
- F24S25/11—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules extending in directions away from a supporting surface using shaped bodies, e.g. concrete elements, foamed elements or moulded box-like elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
- F24S25/10—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules extending in directions away from a supporting surface
- F24S25/16—Arrangement of interconnected standing structures; Standing structures having separate supporting portions for adjacent modules
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
- F24S25/70—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules with means for adjusting the final position or orientation of supporting elements in relation to each other or to a mounting surface; with means for compensating mounting tolerances
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
- H02S20/20—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object
- H02S20/22—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings
- H02S20/23—Supporting structures directly fixed to an immovable object specially adapted for buildings specially adapted for roof structures
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S25/00—Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules
- F24S2025/01—Special support components; Methods of use
- F24S2025/02—Ballasting means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
- F24S2080/01—Selection of particular materials
- F24S2080/015—Plastics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/24—Structural elements or technologies for improving thermal insulation
- Y02A30/254—Roof garden systems; Roof coverings with high solar reflectance
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
- Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B80/00—Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
- Y02B80/32—Roof garden systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/47—Mountings or tracking
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Abstract
Description
- 10—system
- 12—roof membrane
- 14—roof
- 16—building
- 18—module
- 20—ballast materials
- 22—over-flow holes
- 24—sidewalls
- 26—floor
- 28—feet
- 30—flange
- 32—connector holes/slots in flange
- 34—flange top
- 36—flange skirt
- 38—absorbent pad
- 40—bentonite clay
- 42—module connector
- 44—top bar of connector
- 46—legs of connector
- 48—barbs of connector
- 50—edge finishing system
- 52—hollow extruded finishing-member
- 54—clips
- 56—first alternate edge finishing member
- 58—elongated treated wood finishing-member
- 60—retainer clips
- 62—second alternate edge finishing member
- 64—extruded composite finishing-member
- 66—integrally extruded clip
- 68—integral support extrusion
- 70—third alternate edge finishing member
- 72—concrete edge finishing-member
- 74—masonry ties
- 76—photo-voltaic panel
- 78—corner gussets
- 80—front p-v panel supports
- 82—back p-v panel supports
- 84—building drain facility
- 86—fasteners
- 88—holes in corner gussets
- 90—inorganic root barrier
- 92—growing medium
- 94—plants
- 96—rocks
- 98—screen
- 98A—screen
- 100—screen clips
- 102—reflective cover
- 103—louvers
- 104—flat panel
- 105—perforations
- 106—center of reflective cover
- 108—extensions
- 110—score lines
- 112—first cut module-portion
- 114—second cut module portion
- 116—reduced-size module
- 118—cut line
- 120—absorbent wicking pad
- 122—wicking rope
- 124—seepage holes
- 130—connector
- 132—top connector member
- 132A—horizontal top portion
- 132B—downwardly extending legs
- 132C—clearance holes
- 134—bottom connector member
- 134A—horizontal bottom portion
- 134B—upwardly extending legs
- 134C—threaded holes
- 136—fasteners
- 136A—eyelets
- 138—wire cable
- 140—connector
- 142—top connector member
- 142A—horizontal leg
- 142B—vertical leg
- 142C—clearance holes
- 144—threaded fasteners
- 144B—clearance holes
V RW =ΣV RWi=Σ(V Mi ×SD i)
-
- subscript “i” designates
individual modules 18; - VRW=volume of water retained in the ballast system;
- VRWi=cumulative volume of water retained in the individual modules of the ballast system;
- VMi=inside volume of the individual modules below the over-flow holes;
- SDi=space-density of the ballast-fill material in the individual modules; the space-density is a unitless characteristic of the volume of air in a pile of ballast-fill material, as when piled into a module, that is available for occupancy by water;
and
V Mi =H RWi ×A i ×CF i 1
- subscript “i” designates
-
- HRWi=height of retained water in the individual modules, as established by the height of the over-flow holes in the sidewalls of the modules;
- Ai=the footprint area of the individual modules on the roof;
- CFi 1=a correction factor, of value less than one, for the individual modules, to account for the fact that the “cross-sectional” area of retained water in the individual modules below the over-flow holes is not constant and not equal to the footprint area of the module, because of the tapered sidewalls and the reservoir units in the cupped feet;
thus
V RW=Σ(H RWi ×A i ×CF i 1 ×SD i).
H RW1 ×A 1 ×CF 1 1 ×SD 1 =H RW2 ×A 2 ×CF 2 1 ×SD 2
-
- subscripts “1” and “2” designate first and second modules.
V RW =H RW ×SA R ×CF 2 ×SD
-
- HRW=height of over-flow holes in modules;
- SAR=surface area of
roof membrane 12 covered by the ballast system=ΣAi; - CF2=correction factor, of value less than one, to account for the cumulative, weighted average CFi 1 in the ballast system (˜ΣCFi 1/i);
- SD=space-density of the ballast-fill material in the ballast system.
W RW =ΣW RWi=Σ(V RWi×ρw)=Σ(H RWi ×A i ×CF i 1 ×SD i×ρw)
-
- WRW=weight of water retained in ballast system;
- WRWi=cumulative weight of water retained in the individual modules of the ballast roofing system;
- ρw=weight density of water (conventional definition, e.g., kg/m3);
W B =W BD ×SA R
-
- WB=weight of ballast-fill material in ballast roofing system;
- WBD=weight distribution requirement of ballast on roof membrane (unit weight per unit surface area of roof membrane, e.g., 11 kg/ft2);
- SAR=surface area of roof membrane covered by ballast system;
W B =ΣW Bi=Σ(V Bi×ρBi)=Σ(H Bi ×A i ×CF i 3 ×FD i×ρBi)
-
- WBi=cumulative weight of ballast-fill material in the individual modules of the ballast roofing system;
- VBi=volume of the ballast-fill material in the individual modules;
- ρBi=weight density of ballast-fill material in the individual modules (conventional definition, e.g., kg/m3)
- HBi=height of ballast-fill material in the individual modules
- CFi 3=a correction factor, of value less than one, for the individual modules, to account for the fact that the “cross-sectional” area of the individual modules below the height of the top of the ballast-fill is not constant and not equal to the footprint area of the module, because of the tapered sidewalls and cupped feet
- FDi=fill-density of ballast-fill material in the individual modules; the fill-density is a unitless characteristic of the cumulative volume of space that is occupied by individual pieces of ballast-fill material, as when piled into a module, per unit volume of the piled material; FDi=sum of the volume of individual pieces in a pile of ballast-fill material/the overall volume of the pile of ballast-fill material; FDi=1−SDi.
W B =H B ×SA R ×CF 4 ×FD×ρ B)
-
- HB=height of ballast in modules;
- SAR=surface area of roof membrane covered by ballast system=ΣAi;
- CF4=correction factor, of value less than one, to account for the cumulative, weighted average CFi 3 in the ballast system (˜ΣCFi 3/I);
- FD=fill-density of the ballast-fill material in the ballast system;
- ρBi=weight density of ballast-fill material in the ballast system.
-
- 1) selecting the ballast-fill material(s),
- 2) determining the space-density of the ballast-fill material(s),
- 3) determining the module-specific correction factor(s) (CFi 1 and/or CFi 2) for the module type(s) and size(s) to be used, and the surface area of the roof to be covered,
- 4) determining the height(s) of water retention to obtain the desired water retention capability, and
- 5) providing modules with over-flow holes positioned to retain water to the pre-determined height(s), or alternately, forming the over-flow holes in the modules at the height(s) required to obtain the desired water retention capability.
-
- 1) the space-density of the ballast-fill material(s) in the ballast system,
- 2) the height(s) of the over-flow holes in the modules,
- 3) the footprint area of the modules, and
- 4) the associated module-specific correction factor(s).
-
- 1) selecting the ballast-fill material(s),
- 2) determining the fill-density of the ballast-fill material(s),
- 3) determining the module-specific correction factor(s) (CFi 3 and/or CFi 4) for the module type(s) and size(s) to be used, and the surface area of the roof to be covered,
- 4) determining the minimum height(s) of ballast-fill to obtain the desired ballast distribution on the roof, and
- 5) providing modules with sidewalls having height(s) sufficient to retain the pre-determined ballast height(s).
-
- 1) the fill-density of the ballast-fill material(s) in the ballast system,
- 2) the weight-density of the ballast-fill material(s) in the ballast system,
- 3) the height(s) of the ballast in the modules,
- 4) the footprint area of the modules, and
- 5) the associated module-specific correction factor(s).
dM RF /dt=dM WR /dt+dM RW /dt
-
- dMRF/dt=mass flow rate of rainfall into a module
- dMWR/dt=mass flow rate out of module
- dMRW/dt=rate of change in mass of water retained in module
dV WR /dt=f(A F)˜K×A F
-
- dVWR/dt=volumetric flow rate of water runoff out of module, through over-flow holes
- AF=flow area of over-flow holes
- f(AF)=function including AF
- K=a proportionality constant
Claims (37)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/652,836 US8122682B2 (en) | 2002-08-29 | 2003-08-29 | Modular ballast system for membrane roofs |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US40674602P | 2002-08-29 | 2002-08-29 | |
US42607902P | 2002-11-12 | 2002-11-12 | |
US10/652,836 US8122682B2 (en) | 2002-08-29 | 2003-08-29 | Modular ballast system for membrane roofs |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20100325975A1 US20100325975A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 |
US8122682B2 true US8122682B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 |
Family
ID=31981431
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/652,836 Active 2026-09-25 US8122682B2 (en) | 2002-08-29 | 2003-08-29 | Modular ballast system for membrane roofs |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8122682B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1543203B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003278734A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004020762A2 (en) |
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US20110308176A1 (en) * | 2002-06-20 | 2011-12-22 | Byles Joe D | Rooftop Cooling and Rainwater Retention Panel and System |
US20120055086A1 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2012-03-08 | Cultivation Systems B.V. | Method for cultivating plants as well as a floating carrier |
US20120091297A1 (en) * | 2010-04-21 | 2012-04-19 | Solar Power Products Inc. | Support for solar panels |
US20130248467A1 (en) * | 2010-12-07 | 2013-09-26 | Johannes Lieuwe Wever | Frame system for fixing panels to the ground at an angle |
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US20140044471A1 (en) * | 2012-08-13 | 2014-02-13 | Au Optronics Corporation | Solar module |
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US10653076B2 (en) | 2014-07-10 | 2020-05-19 | Cultivation Systems B.V. | Method for the cultivation of plants using a carrier with a removable side support structure arranged thereon |
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US9879428B2 (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2018-01-30 | Permaloc Corporation | Temporary rain water collection assembly for use on a roof of a building |
US9655309B1 (en) * | 2016-05-31 | 2017-05-23 | David R. Hall | Rooftop greenhouse inside roof infrastructure |
US11060289B2 (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2021-07-13 | Brendan Doyle | Thatch roofing system |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1543203A4 (en) | 2009-06-03 |
US20100325975A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 |
AU2003278734A1 (en) | 2004-03-19 |
WO2004020762A3 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
WO2004020762A2 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
EP1543203B1 (en) | 2015-05-27 |
AU2003278734A8 (en) | 2004-03-19 |
EP1543203A2 (en) | 2005-06-22 |
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